Total import and export volume of Shenzhen from 1979 to 2017

The proportion of Shenzhen’s high-tech products exports to the total exports in 2012-2017

Proportion of mechanical and electrical products exports in total exports in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2017

Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, December 17, 2018-In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, with the continuous expansion of opening up, Shenzhen’s foreign trade has achieved a historic leap, the total import and export volume has increased rapidly, the trade mode has become more reasonable, the product structure has been continuously optimized, and the trade market has become increasingly diversified. Opening up and trade have played an important role in promoting Shenzhen’s economic and social development.

one

Foreign trade has achieved a historic leap.

The scale of import and export ranks second in mainland cities, and the scale of export ranks first in mainland cities for 25 consecutive years. From 1979 to 2017, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen increased from US$ 16.76 million to US$ 413.95 billion, an increase of 8,545 times, with an average annual growth rate of 26.9%, which was 12.4 percentage points higher than the national average annual growth rate, and the total import and export volume ranked second in mainland cities. Among them, the total export volume increased from 9.3 million US dollars to 244.221 billion US dollars, an increase of 9,565 times, with an average annual growth rate of 27.3%, and the export scale ranked first in mainland cities for 25 consecutive years; The total import volume increased from US$ 7.46 million to US$ 169.729 billion, an increase of 7435 times, with an average annual growth rate of 26.4%.

The proportion of total import and export in the whole country and the whole province has greatly increased. After nearly 40 years’ development, the proportion of Shenzhen’s total import and export in the whole country and the whole province has greatly increased from a negligible amount in 1979 to 10.1% and 41.1% in 2017, of which the proportion of total exports in the whole country and the whole province has increased to 10.8% and 39.2% respectively, and the proportion of total imports in the whole country and the whole province has increased to 9.2% and 44.2% respectively. Shenzhen’s total import and export volume has greatly increased, which shows that Shenzhen’s import and export has played an increasingly important role in China’s foreign trade development.

2

The development characteristics of each stage are obvious.

Looking back on the development of Shenzhen’s foreign trade in the past 40 years, we can see that the development of Shenzhen’s foreign trade has gone through three stages. The development of each stage is in harmony with the overall development of China’s economy, adapted to the domestic and international environment at the same time, and inseparable from the changes in the opening-up policy, which plays an irreplaceable role in the development of Shenzhen in various periods.

(A) 1979-1992, the high-speed growth stage

During this period, Shenzhen actively expanded its opening up, and through a series of opening-up measures, such as building ports, attracting investment, creating bonded industrial zones, setting up a number of foreign trade backbone enterprises, and opening ports and ports, it quickly formed an export-oriented economy with industry as the mainstay and combining industry and trade. At this stage, the import and export scale of Shenzhen increased from $16.76 million in 1979 to $23.577 billion in 1992, with an average annual growth rate of 61.0%, of which the export scale increased from $9.3 million in 1979 to $12 billion in 1992, with an average annual growth rate of 60.6%. The import scale increased from $7.46 million in 1979 to $11.575 billion in 1992, with an average annual increase of 61.5%. In 1987, the export scale of Shenzhen exceeded the import scale, reversing the trade deficit for four consecutive years from 1983 to 1986. By 1988, the total export volume of Shenzhen ranked second in large and medium-sized cities in China, and by 1992, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen ranked first in large and medium-sized cities in China.

(B) 1993-2012, the rapid growth stage

In 1992, after Comrade Deng Xiaoping visited the South, China’s reform and opening-up was further deepened, and Shenzhen’s opening-up entered a brand-new stage. Especially after 2001, with China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, Shenzhen’s foreign trade expanded rapidly. At this stage, the scale of Shenzhen’s import and export further expanded, with the total import and export volume increasing from 23.577 billion US dollars in 1992 to 466.830 billion US dollars in 2012, of which the total export volume increased from 12.000 billion US dollars in 1992 to 271.362 billion US dollars in 2012, ranking first among mainland cities for 25 consecutive years from 1993 to 2017. The total import volume increased from $11.575 billion in 1992 to $195.469 billion in 1992. In this stage, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen exceeded $50 billion for the first time in 1999, $100 billion in 2003, $200 billion in 2006, $300 billion in 2010, $400 billion in 2011 and $466.830 billion in 2012. Judging from the development of each year, the total import and export volume decreased only in 2009 due to the global financial crisis, and all other years maintained a high growth rate, especially in 2002-2007, when Shenzhen’s export trade developed fastest, with an average annual growth rate of 27.0%.

(C) 2013-2017, the stage of steady growth.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Shenzhen has persisted in deepening reform and opening wider to the outside world, actively responded to a series of major risk challenges such as the follow-up impact of the international financial crisis, and strived to adapt to the new normal of foreign trade development. The import and export situation is good and has entered a stage of steady growth.

After the rapid development of the previous stage and some special factors, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen has declined for three consecutive years since 2014, and by 2017, the import and export growth rate of Shenzhen has turned from negative to positive, achieving positive growth. In 2017, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen was US$ 413.95 billion, RMB-denominated 2,801.146 billion, up 6.4% year-on-year, of which the total export volume was US$ 244.221 billion, RMB-denominated 1,653.357 billion, up 5.5% year-on-year; The total import value was US$ 169.729 billion, with RMB-denominated value of RMB 1,147.789 billion, up by 7.9% year-on-year.

three

Continuous optimization of import and export structure

Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, the import and export structure of Shenzhen has been constantly adjusted and optimized, mainly in two aspects:

(A) the mode of trade is becoming more reasonable, from single to diversified.

Since the 1980s, Shenzhen has expanded its efforts to attract investment, and actively developed "three-for-one-supplement" enterprises and "three-capital" enterprises by using overseas capital and technology, which greatly promoted the development of foreign trade. The proportion of processing trade exports in total exports has gradually increased from 38.7% in 1987 to 56.5% in 2011. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, focusing on restructuring, constantly cultivating new advantages in foreign trade competition, and accelerating the adjustment, transformation and upgrading of the trade structure of goods, the export proportion of processing trade in Shenzhen began to decline slowly, from 53.0% in 2012 to 34.8% in 2017, while the export proportion of general trade rose from 28.0% in 2012 to 43.1% in 2017.

With the expansion of opening to the outside world and the development of foreign trade, Shenzhen’s trade mode has changed to diversification. The mode of foreign trade has gradually developed from processing trade to barter trade, small-scale border trade, export goods of foreign contracted projects, leasing trade, goods entering and leaving bonded supervision places, logistics goods in special customs supervision areas, imported equipment in special supervision areas, and free assistance and gifts from countries and international organizations. In 2017, the top three modes of trade in the city’s export proportion were: general trade exports accounted for 43.2%, processing trade exports accounted for 34.8%, and logistics goods exports in special customs supervision areas accounted for 9.2%.

(B) continuous optimization of product structure, from primary products to electromechanical products, and then to high-tech products.

In the early days of reform and opening up, Shenzhen’s export commodities were mainly primary products, mainly including grain, meat and clothing. For example, in 1990, live pigs for meat and clothing grew rapidly, up by 42.4% and 81.0% respectively, while the export volume of mechanical and electrical products in the same period was not too large, but the growth potential appeared, such as the export of TV sets, tape recorders and telephones increased by 16.8%, 23.1% and 24.1% respectively.

In the 1990s, the structure of Shenzhen’s export products changed greatly. The export of finished products with high added value increased greatly, and the export changed from primary products to mechanical and electrical products. In 1990, the export of mechanical and electrical products in Shenzhen exceeded US$ 1 billion, but it accounted for a low proportion of the city’s exports, about 30%. After China’s accession to the WTO in 2001, the proportion has been increasing, reaching 69.2% in 2002, exceeding 70% in 2003, and the proportion has been above 70% since then. The highest in 2015 reached 82.2%, and in 2017 it was 75.9%. From 1990 to 2017, China’s exports of mechanical and electrical products increased from about $1 billion to $185.275 billion, an increase of 184.3 times. In 2017, the export of mechanical and electrical products in Shenzhen accounted for more than 14% of the country, which contributed to China’s position as the world’s largest exporter of mechanical and electrical products for nine consecutive years.

Since the 21st century, the export proportion of high-tech products represented by electronics and information technology has been increasing, and the import and export trade of high-tech products has become a strong growth point of Shenzhen’s foreign trade for some time to come. In 2002, the export of high-tech products in Shenzhen accounted for 33.7% of the total export, reached 40.0% in 2003, and then remained at around 40%. In 2009, the proportion exceeded 50% for the first time, reaching 52.5%. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this proportion has remained at around 50%. It reached the highest level of 58.0% in 2013 and 46.7% in 2017. Among high-tech products, aerospace technology and life science and technology products grew rapidly. In 2017, their exports increased by 52.0% and 21.5% respectively.

four

Import and export markets are increasingly diversified.

Since the reform and opening up, the number of countries and regions that have trade with Shenzhen has gradually increased. From 1990 to 2017, Shenzhen’s trading partners have grown from 61 to 239 countries and regions, and have trade with most countries and regions in the world. The top 10 trading partners of Shenzhen are: Hong Kong, ASEAN, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan Province, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Singapore. In 2017, the total import and export volume of these 10 countries and regions accounted for 83.4% of the city’s total import and export volume, of which the import and export volume of Hong Kong, ASEAN and the United States accounted for 23.4%, 13.2% and 10.4% respectively. In 2017, Shenzhen’s import and export to Hong Kong, China was 96.879 billion US dollars, down 8.1%; Imports and exports to ASEAN reached US$ 54.622 billion, up by 16.7%; Imports and exports to the United States reached US$ 43.147 billion, up by 13.2%; Imports and exports to the EU reached US$ 40.59 billion, up by 7.2%; Imports and exports to Taiwan, China reached US$ 33.413 billion, up by 5.9%.

At the Central Economic Work Conference in 2014, the Belt and Road Initiative was put forward. Over the past few years, the construction of the "Belt and Road" has changed from concept to action, from vision to reality, and has achieved fruitful results. From 2014 to 2017, the total import and export trade between Shenzhen and countries or regions along the Belt and Road Initiative accounted for about 20% of the city. With Shenzhen actively serving and accelerating its integration into the national "One Belt, One Road" initiative and comprehensively improving the level of open economy, the "One Belt, One Road" has enhanced its role in tapping and enhancing Shenzhen’s foreign trade development potential. In 2017, Shenzhen imported and exported 542.28 billion yuan to countries along the "Belt and Road", up 16.4% year-on-year, which was 10.0 percentage points higher than the total import and export growth rate of Shenzhen in the same period; Among them, the export was 307.71 billion yuan, up by 13.2%, which was 7.7 percentage points higher than that of Shenzhen in the same period. The import and export trade between Shenzhen and countries or regions along the Belt and Road Initiative has become a bright spot in China’s foreign trade development.

After 40 years of development since the reform and opening up, Shenzhen’s foreign trade volume has been greatly improved, its structure has been continuously optimized, and its development achievements have been remarkable. However, due to the unresolved deep-seated structural contradictions in the world economy, Sino-US trade friction has escalated and uncertainties in foreign trade have increased. Facing the future, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, we will stick to the road of openness, accommodation and mutual benefit. Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of trade, promote the innovation and development of trade, actively cultivate new formats and models of foreign trade, change the development mode of foreign trade, improve the quality and efficiency of trade development, and promote the construction of all-round opening-up pattern and the transformation to high-quality development.

(Contributed by Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Statistics)

　　After the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China stayed in Shanghai for a long time from the summer of 1921 to the beginning of 1933 (he briefly moved to Beijing, Guangzhou and Wuhan). Therefore, most of the early the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China government newspapers and periodicals were founded on the Huangpu River, which vividly demonstrated the characteristics of Shanghai culture, such as being good at innovation, leading the trend and pursuing Excellence.

　　The wizard:

　　"A beacon of dark China society"

　　In July 1922, the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Shanghai discussed the issue of party newspapers. In August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish an authoritative publication at the West Lake Conference to widely publicize the Party’s anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.

　　On September 13th, the first public publication "Guide" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China authorities came out in Shanghai. It is a weekly magazine with a format of 16, and its general distribution office is located at No.3, Lanfali, Zhaobang Road, Laoximen, Shanghai (now Lane 1047, Fuxing East Road) (the original building is no longer in existence). The inaugural issue of this newspaper’s Manifesto pointed out: "The civil strife of warlords is certainly the biggest obstacle to peaceful reunification and freedom in China, and the foreign invasion of international imperialism is a demon that restricts the free development of our Chinese nation politically and economically." "According to the real public opinion and political and economic facts of the whole country, my colleagues in this newspaper would like to call for unity, peace, freedom and independence before the people."

　　Cai Hesen has been the editor-in-chief of Guide for nearly three years, and has overcome financial difficulties and insisted on publishing it with tenacious spirit. At first, the magazine was arranged according to the content of the manuscript. In order to enhance the pertinence and highlight the key points, he successively opened up columns such as "current affairs review", "inch iron", "local newsletter", "what to say" and so on. At the same time, he also wrote a large number of political essays and commentaries (more than 130 of them were signed "He Sen"). No matter whether it is a long article of five or six thousand words or a short draft of hundreds of words, he can grasp the important issues or typical cases in reality for specific analysis.

　　Cai Hesen often goes to the factory to listen to your suggestions and criticisms with an open mind; In order to reflect the demands and voices of readers in time, he specially added the column "Voice of Readers" in the Guide. The magazine actively publicizes the party’s principles and policies to the public and strives to make them deeply rooted in the hearts of the people; The enthusiastic support of the public for the magazine has become the strong backing for it to persist in publishing in the predicament. The magazine is known as "a bright light in the dark society of China", and its circulation has gradually increased from more than 3,000 at first to tens of thousands. At that time, Li Lisan once commented: "The merit of The Guide is exactly the great merit that Comrade He Sen showed in the China Revolution."

　　Due to the sinister environment, after the first five issues of Guide were published in Shanghai, the editorial department had to travel to Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Wuhan and other places, and its distribution scope was also expanded to many large and medium-sized cities, and it was also sold in Paris and Berlin. In October 1925, Cai Hesen went to Moscow to attend the sixth enlarged meeting of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, and immediately served as the representative of the Communist Party of China to the Comintern. The Guide was edited by Peng Shuzhi, and Zheng Chaolin undertook the specific editorial affairs. In the spring of 1927, the editorial department moved from Shanghai to Wuhan. The Guide was edited by Qu Qiubai and edited by Yang Mu Zhi. Some old comrades recalled that the maximum circulation reached 100,000 copies. After the "July 15" counter-revolutionary coup, the publication was suspended and 201 issues were published.

　　The Guide took a clear-cut stand against imperialist powers, feudal warlords and supported the workers’ and peasants’ movements. It experienced the whole process of the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and witnessed the development of the Party in this historical period.

　　Hot Blood Daily:

　　"Ten issues were published, and the sales reached 30,000."

　　After the May 30th tragedy, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to publish a daily newspaper in Shanghai in order to expose imperialist atrocities in time and inspire people’s morale. Qu Qiubai led the relevant comrades through intense and busy work, and completed the preparations in just a few days.

　　On June 4, 1925, Hot Blood Daily was founded in Shanghai, with Qu Qiubai as the editor-in-chief, and Shen Zemin, He Gongchao and Zheng Chaolin participated in the editing work. Qu Qiubai declared in his preface: "Now the blood of all Shanghai residents has been boiled to the climax by the bullets of outsiders … Now the strong in the world possess cold iron, while we weak only have hot blood, but we really have hot blood in our hearts, so we don’t worry that there will be no cold iron in our hands in the future. Once hot blood gets cold iron, it will be the last luck of the strong."

　　"Hot Blood Daily" is a four-page edition with about 12,000 words in each issue. The newspaper is more political and encouraging: the first and second editions of the "local news", "domestic news" and "urgent news" columns mostly publish news that newspapers avoid or ignore; The third edition of the "International Highlights" column specifically reports the news of sympathy and support of the working class in the Soviet Union and other countries to the people of China; The fourth edition of the "Voice" supplement mainly publishes short comments, essays and literary works, among which there are both criticisms of wrong remarks and satires on shameful acts.

　　Most of the editorials published in Hot Blood Daily are written by Qu Qiubai, such as Federation of Business Studies and Shanghai Citizens, What does the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce want? "Who is the enemy and who is the friend? "The May 30th Massacre and the Abolition of Unequal Treaties" and so on are all highly targeted and thoroughly reasoned.

　　During the editing of Hot Blood Daily, Qu Qiubai was "wanted" by the Shanghai Concession authorities, but he put his life and death aside and devoted himself to running the newspaper. Yang Zhihua, his wife, said in Memories of Autumn White: The site of Hot Blood Daily is a guest room, with a long table of white wood in the middle and several long benches around it. At that time, the weather was very hot. During the day, Qu Qiubai worked hard in his stuffy room to write articles, edit news, proofread and compose editions, and was so busy that he was sweating like a pig. In the evening, he has to listen to reporters’ reports and organize writing. Whenever a major problem is found, Qu Qiubai always goes to the workers and personally verifies the materials before publishing them in newspapers. At that time, although the work was very hard, he said to his wife Yang Zhihua, "It is much more effective to work like this than to give lectures at the university platform."

　　On one occasion, when Qu Qiubai went out on business, he saw a worker reading the Business Daily and talked with him. The other party complained, "There is no newspaper suitable for workers to read, and now the newspaper can’t understand it." Inspired by this, he tried to make the writing simple and easy, and paid attention to the use of spoken language or dialect; The point of view of the article is straight to the point, and the length can be short or short, so that workers have time to read and understand. In addition, he also published many folk tunes and rap, which were popular and vivid, loved by the masses and quickly sung by everyone.

　　Hot Blood Daily, the first daily newspaper founded by the Party, had a great influence in the May 30th Movement. The newspaper once revealed in the notice: "Ten issues were published, and the number of sales reached 30,000. There were hundreds of people who contributed letters and came to contact each other." Starting from the second issue, the newspaper marked the address as "Turn 567, Huaxing Square, North Zhejiang Road" next to the header; From the 12th issue, it is marked as "No.56 Huaxing Road, North Zhejiang Road, Shanghai", which is now Zhejiang North Road, and Lane 64 Huaxing Road is behind Huaxing Square.

　　Due to the strangle of imperialism and warlords, Hot Blood Daily was forced to close after its 24th issue was published on June 27th, but its revolutionary propaganda has had a great influence.

　　Boolean Sevik:

　　"The Pointer of the New Road of China Revolution"

　　At the August 7th meeting in 1927, the temporary CPC the Political Bureau of the Central Committee headed by Qu Qiubai was elected. Soon, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China moved back to Shanghai from Wuhan, because the Guide had been forced to close, so he began to plan to publish a new the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China organ publication in secret.

　　On October 22nd, the CPC held a meeting in The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and formally decided to set up a comprehensive central organ publication "Boer Sevik" in Shanghai, with Qu Qiubai, Luo Yinong, Deng Zhongxia, Wang Ruofei and Zheng Chaolin as the editorial board director (editor-in-chief). On November 14th, it was decided to set up the Editorial Committee of the Central Party Newspaper, and 21 people including Cai Hesen, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Li Lisan, Yun Daiying and Zhang Tailei were added to the editorial board.

　　The first issue of "Boolean Sevik" came out on October 24th, and its title was inscribed by Qu Qiubai himself. The editorial department is located at No.418 Hengchangli, Yuyuan Road, Shanghai (now No.34, Lane 1376, Yuyuan Road), which is a "pseudo-three-story" brick and wood structure new-style Lane residence. While presiding over the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s work, Qu Qiubai was responsible for editing Boolean Sevik, determined to make it a "pointer to the new road of China revolution"; Every week, he will go to the editorial department from his apartment on Fuxi Road (now Yan ‘an Middle Road) to discuss topics and screen manuscripts with everyone.

　　Bour Sevik was founded at the time of great changes in the revolutionary situation in China, and has opened more than 10 columns successively. In order to guard against the enemy’s destruction, it was published on the cover in disguise, and used the headlines of China Cultural History, China Ancient History Examination, Economic Monthly, Civilians and Rainbow.

　　The magazine devoted a lot of space to promoting the general policy of the Party to realize the agrarian revolution and the armed uprising of workers and peasants. For example, the expansion of revolutionary forces in southern Hunan, eastern Hunan and western Jiangxi, published in the 25th issue of Volume I, introduced Mao Zedong’s establishment of a base area in Jinggangshan, reported that some troops led by Zhu De went to Jinggangshan, and praised the development of the stationed troops in Jinggangshan and the base area for making the revolution "within the reach of forces" and "the enemy dare not face it squarely". The journal also published the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s resolutions and instructions in time, reprinted the documents of the Communist International, and published theoretical articles on discussing and studying China’s revolutionary problems, which became an important political propaganda position of the Party. At that time, Mao Zedong asked to send "Boolean Sevik" in his letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and said that "we are hungry for books and newspapers".

　　Boolean Sevik published 52 issues from its inception to July 1932. Cai Hesen, Li Lisan, Zhang Wentian, etc. also served as the director of the editorial board. Because of the sinister environment, it gradually changed into a semi-monthly, monthly and indefinite periodical, and changed from 16 format to 32 format; During the 15 months when the editorial department was located in Hengchangli, 31 issues were published, accounting for 60%. At that time, the magazine was like a breeze, blowing away the stagnant blocks in readers’ chests after the failure of the Great Revolution. It is also like a "night light", which illuminates people’s way forward.

　　Red Flag Weekly:

　　First put forward "organizing armed volunteers to save the country"

　　On February 17th, 1931, Zhang Wentian returned to Shanghai from Moscow, Soviet Union. At the beginning of March, he served as the Minister of Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, and later became the temporary The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CPC. He adjusted the work of party newspapers in time according to the needs of carrying out revolutionary propaganda. On March 9th, Red Flag Weekly, the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China organ newspaper edited by him, was founded in Shanghai.

　　Red Flag Weekly was formerly known as Red Flag and Red Flag Daily. Red Flag was founded in Shanghai on November 20th, 1928. It was started as a weekly magazine by the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee. From the 24th issue, it was changed into a three-week journal, with 16 folio at the beginning, then changed into 32 folio and 8 folio. By August 2nd, 1930, it was published in 126 issues. On August 15th, 1930, Red Flag and Shanghai Newspaper sponsored by jiangsu provincial party committee of the Communist Party of China (founded on April 17th, 1929, edited by Li Qiushi, published 385 issues in four editions) merged into Red Flag Daily, with four editions marked as "The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCCPC) organ newspaper", and changed to "the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and jiangsu provincial party committee" on February 14th, 1931. The editor-in-chief of Red Flag Daily was Pan Wenyu and Wang Jiaxiang successively, and the director of the interview department was Pan Hannian. Li Lisan, Guan Xiangying and Zhang Wentian often contributed articles. The newspaper publicized the party’s principles and policies in many ways and was welcomed by both inside and outside the party. After its publication, the number of copies reached more than 12,000. Later, due to the continuous destruction of the printing house by the enemy, it was difficult to print normally. On March 8, it stopped publishing and published a total of 182 issues. It is in this case that Zhang Wentian decisively decided to close Red Flag Daily and change it into a secret Red Flag Weekly.

　　The inaugural issue of Red Flag Weekly published articles such as the Draft Decree of the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviet Union and the New Plan to Break the Kuomintang’s Attack on the Red Army. Moreover, in the letter from the editor of this newspaper to the readers, which is equivalent to the publication, he appealed: "Dear readers, fight to safeguard the Soviet regime and overthrow the rule of the imperialist Kuomintang!" This newspaper mainly publishes the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s work reports, resolutions, policies, electricity calls, declarations, etc., reprints the documents of the Communist International, reports the news of the Soviet Union and communist party, reflects the development of the political situation at home and abroad, and guides the work of the whole party. The column "Puffy China Soviet Movement" opened by Red Flag Weekly is particularly concerned by readers. It has published a large number of newsletters and introduced various aspects of the revolutionary base areas, such as "How the Soviet Government Struggles for the Solution of the Food Problem" published by Zhang Wentian on July 10, 1932 under the signature of "Luofu", which vividly expounded the sufficient basis for the continuous development of the revolutionary base areas under the leadership of the party by combining the typical materials in several Soviet areas’ documents and reports. It is worth mentioning that after the September 18th Incident in 1931, Zhou Enlai published "Japanese Imperialist Occupation of Manchuria and Our Party’s Current Tasks" in the Red Flag Weekly published on October 21st, in which he first proposed "to lead the workers and peasants and all oppressed nations to organize their own armed national salvation volunteers", which spread the name of "volunteers". Since then, the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee has decided to "mobilize the broad masses to establish a volunteer army".And has sent more than 200 party and league members to various places to organize or assist in the creation of volunteers.

　　Due to the serious white terror, Red Flag Weekly is often in danger, but Zhang Wentian is fearless and tries his best to ensure its normal publication. The first to ninth issues of Red Flag Weekly are 8-page newspapers; Since the tenth issue, it has been changed into a 32-volume book format. In order to cover the distribution needs, it has successively adopted 16 kinds of camouflage covers such as Industry Weekly, Times Weekly, Modern Weekly, Buddhist Studies, Civilians, Modern Life and Architecture.

　　In order to make Red Flag Weekly published smoothly, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China rented two adjacent buildings (No.146-148, Lane 998, Zhoujiazui Road today) in Yuanxingli, Qiwupu Road, Shanghai in the spring of 1931, one with a secret printing factory and the other with a silk cloth village as a cover, which was specifically responsible by Qian Zhiguang. Soon, due to the mutiny of Gu Shunzhang, who held an important position in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Teke, the secret printing factory was moved to No.99, Meibaike Road (now Xinchang Road). A grocery store was opened on the first floor, and Qian Zhiguang, the "boss", often observed the movement outside. The second floor was used as a dormitory, and the third floor was used for typesetting, printing and binding.

　　Because of the white terror, Zhang Wentian had to change his apartment many times. In 1932, he lived most of his life at No.27 Pingheli, Aiwenyi Road, Shanghai (now Lane 239, Beijing West Road). By November, it was moved to Maris New Village (now Lane 216, Chongqing North Road) located in the southwest of Happy Valley Hall. In the meantime, in addition to burying his head in his work, he also published more than 100 articles under pseudonyms such as Luofu, Pingjiang and Goth. In January 1933, he entered the Jiangxi Central Revolutionary Base with the temporary the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Red Flag Weekly insisted on March 1 of the following year, with a total of 64 issues and 13 additional issues. The newspaper not only played an important role as a mouthpiece, but also made a complete record of the Party’s work in Soviet areas and Kuomintang-controlled areas in the past, leaving valuable historical materials.

　　Newspapers and periodicals of other central organs

　　In addition to the above-mentioned party newspapers and periodicals, there are also some early the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China newspapers and periodicals published in Shanghai.

　　On July 1st, 1923, Forward was founded in Shanghai. In order to deceive the enemy, it was published in Guangzhou, with Qu Qiubai as the editor and Chen Duxiu, Zhang Tailei and Xiang Jingyu as the main contributors. This magazine mainly analyzes and discusses the revolutionary problems in China, and publicizes the principles and strategies formulated by the three major congresses of the Communist Party of China. Each issue has a "inch iron" column to expose the shortcomings of current politics in short and pithy words. On February 1, 1924, it was published until the third issue was closed.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) Party Newspaper was founded in Shanghai on November 30, 1923. It was edited by Chen Duxiu, and the periodical was uncertain. By May 1924, four issues had been published, the first of which was the document of the First Plenary Session of the Third Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the third and fourth issues were the documents of the enlarged meeting of the the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Executive Committee in May 1924. The specific date of suspension is unknown.

　　Central Political Newsletter (also called Central Newsletter) was founded in Wuhan in September 1926 and moved to Shanghai in November of the following year. At first, it was the most confidential and important political publication in the Party for the responsible comrades of the C.O. and the responsible secretaries of important regions to know about all aspects of work and decide policies. Later, it was changed into a public publication in the Party, which mainly published the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China documents, work summaries and local newsletters, including materials of Nanchang Uprising, Guangzhou Uprising and armed riots of workers and peasants in various places. In July 1928, it stopped publishing and published 30 issues.

　　The Life of the Party was first published in Shanghai on January 1, 1929. It was an indefinite periodical at first, and changed to a semi-monthly magazine after its sixth issue. This magazine mainly publishes articles on the revolutionary road in China within the Party, and also criticizes the right-wing ideas. The main contributors are Li Lisan, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Yingchao and Yu Hongze. On June 15, 1930, the publication was stopped, and 11 issues were published.

　　The Truth was founded in Shanghai on October 30th, 1930. It is a theoretical newspaper and edited by Wang Jiaxiang. The main contents published are the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s resolutions, declarations, circulars, documents of the Communist International on the China Revolution, and articles on the Party’s line, principles and policies. It was closed on March 5, 1931.

　　Struggle was founded in Shanghai on January 21, 1932. It is a mimeographed periodical with 16 formats and was edited by Zhang Wentian. After the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China moved out of Shanghai, the journal was still published in Shanghai, with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s documents and theoretical articles about China’s revolution as the main content. On July 5, 1935, the journal was closed, with a total of 79 issues published, which was called "Shanghai Edition". By the way, on February 4, 1933, Jiangxi Ruijin also published Struggle, which was a journal of the Central Bureau of the Soviet Area of the Communist Party of China. It was printed in a format of 16 pages and closed on September 30, 1934, with a total of 73 issues, known as the "Soviet Edition"; After the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, on November 21st, 1935, the issue of "Struggle" was published in Yan ‘an, as the organ publication of Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and later changed to the organ publication of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, with a total of 54 issues published in 32 format, which was called "Northwest Edition" (final issue on March 19th, 1937).

　　In the early the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China government newspapers and periodicals founded or published in Shanghai, some dared to be the first, some were well planned, some were well arranged, and some struggled to open up. They adhered to the distinct political stance and the purpose of running journals, and also laid a fine tradition of party newspapers and journals.

　　(The author is a member of the Literature and History Committee of the 12th Shanghai CPPCC)

■ Editor’s note:

The rapid development of the Internet plays an important and positive role in learning knowledge, leisure and social interaction for the majority of minors. At the same time, the proliferation of bad information on the Internet, online game addiction and other problems also seriously threaten the physical and mental health of minors. It is imperative to promote the legislation of network protection for minors and create a healthy, civilized and orderly network environment. However, the network protection of minors involves many legal subjects, and the understanding and demands of all parties are not completely consistent. On May 11th, a biweekly consultation forum was held in Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. The relevant speeches are summarized as follows:

Wang Yongqing, Vice Chairman of the National Committee of CPPCC made a keynote speech.

Legislators need to balance the relationship between government supervision and market mechanism, the relationship between government functions and enterprise rights, the relationship between family and society, and the relationship between short-term effects and long-term mechanisms. In this regard, I would like to make three suggestions:

First, clarify the application order of different legal norms. The network protection of minors involves complex legal relations and many actors, so it needs to be adjusted by various legal norms and the order of application can be determined in order to guide behavior and solve problems well. According to the principle of adjusting the priority of civil legal norms, in terms of legislative policy orientation, where private law means can be solved, public law means should not be adopted; Where technical means can be solved, try not to use administrative means; Where the family can play a role, try not to replace it with enterprises, governments and society; Where enterprises can do it, they should try not to blame the government. The government should take the responsibility of "setting rules, setting standards, emphasizing supervision and creating the environment". If the system determined by the legislation on minors’ network protection can reflect the legislative policy orientation and the application order of legal norms, it is possible for this legislation to better deal with the allocation of rights, obligations, responsibilities and authorities of different stakeholders, so that the system objectives determined by law are consistent and coordinated with each other, so that the system can play a good overall function.

Second, further strengthen the basic system design. Further efforts should be made to study and reflect the characteristics and laws of minors’ network protection, ensure the quality of legislation, ensure that legislation not only looks forward to the future, but also solves outstanding problems, and further strengthen the construction of basic systems. The problem of minors’ network protection arises from the development of internet technology, so the legislation of minors’ network protection can consider establishing an institutional framework based on technical means and supplemented by administrative policy means. In this framework, there are several basic system suggestions that should be paid attention to: First, the identification system of bad information and harmful information that minors can’t contact provides parents, enterprises, society and government departments with clear criteria for defining bad information and judging harmful information. The second is the supply system of special equipment and facilities. The third is to stipulate a selective curfew system and an online time reminder system. The fourth is to establish a restraint and incentive system for parents. The fifth is to establish a system to improve the network literacy of minors.

Third, build a scientific and reasonable supervision system. If the regulations are not clearly regulated and guided in the supervision system, it will be difficult to implement them in the end. At the same time, the protection of minors involves the responsibilities and authorities of many government departments. It is suggested that a management system and operation mechanism should be reasonably designed in legislation, in which one department is in charge, or one department is in charge, and multiple departments cooperate. On this basis, it is also suggested to establish a working mechanism for minors’ network protection, so as to facilitate information sharing, consultation and judgment, clue transfer and law enforcement cooperation among government departments, establish public participation mechanisms such as bad information reporting, social organizations and volunteer services, and form a benign pattern of government-led family, enterprises, schools and society participating and co-governing.

In addition, while giving full play to the regulatory role of government departments, we should also attach great importance to the role of professional social organizations, so that people with backgrounds such as psychology, information technology and social work can participate in them, find problems and propose solutions. Especially when minors are injured by the internet, they can provide help in time.

Zhang Zexi, member of the Standing Committee of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Taiwan Alliance and vice chairman of the Zhejiang Provincial Political Consultative Conference: Suggestions on improving the supervision system for minors’ network protection

At present, the prominent problem in the supervision system of minors’ network protection in China is that there are a wide range of departments involved in practice, but there is no special legislation to clarify the supervision system of minors’ network protection. Reflected in: First, in laws and regulations, the provisions on departmental responsibilities are scattered. Second, in the relevant policy documents, departmental responsibilities are also decentralized. Third, there is a problem that the boundary of responsibility is not clear in the practice of various departments.

In view of the above problems, three suggestions are put forward:

First, in the "Regulations" clearly lead the department, straighten out the supervision system of minors’ network protection. It is suggested that the reform of the party and state institutions should be taken as an opportunity to establish a special network supervision mechanism for minors within the existing network supervision pattern. It is clear that the network information department is the lead department of supervision, and the competent departments of education, telecommunications, public security and culture in the State Council should do relevant work according to their respective responsibilities. Clarify the allocation of powers and responsibilities between the central and local governments, deepen information sharing, consultation and judgment, clue transfer and law enforcement coordination among departments, and truly integrate functional departments, mass organizations and social forces.

Second, clearly refine the responsibilities of various departments. For example, the health authorities in the State Council can work with the education authorities in the State Council to study and formulate effective solutions to prevent and intervene minors’ internet addiction; The national network information department shall, jointly with the departments of culture, press and publication, radio and television in the State Council, determine the types and scope of information that may affect the physical and mental health of minors according to the needs of network protection of minors.

Third, in view of the problem that government departments are slow to perform their duties, it is suggested to increase the provisions of "prosecution and supervision". If a government department fails to perform its duties, its superior organ shall order it to make corrections; Refuses to correct or if the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law. Those involved in criminal offences shall be handed over to judicial organs for handling. In addition, a special supervision department can be set up to supervise the performance of each department.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Minister of the Youth Rights and Interests Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League Wang Feng: Strengthen the supervision of bad information about minors on the Internet.

Judging from the current situation, firstly, the concept and method of supervision can’t keep up with the technological update, secondly, the supervision standards are not well grasped, and thirdly, it is difficult for supervision to form a joint force. For the revision and perfection of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network, some suggestions are put forward:

First, further clarify the criteria for judging that minors are not suitable to contact information. The Regulation on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) puts forward the expression of "information unsuitable for minors to contact", which is indeed a bright spot, but the criteria for judging such information can be further clarified in the current regulations. This can further clarify the regulatory standards and solve the government’s law enforcement problems, and enterprises can also conduct more effective content audits accordingly, so as to minimize the occurrence of "edge ball" situations.

Second, control the source of bad information. It is clear that all Internet information and service providers have media attributes, and animation, games, videos, social platforms, etc. are not only entertainment consumption products, but also information content that guides users’ education. No organization or individual may make, publish or disseminate these bad information with minors as the audience or in network products and services specially serving minors. Network enterprises must strictly implement the system of "trial before delivery", reduce the recommendation of title party and vulgar content, and reduce the power of users who produce and forward bad information. Standardize the personalized recommendation algorithm with the help of big data to prevent pushing bad information to young users.

Three, strengthen the accountability of illegal enterprises. Refine legal responsibilities, and impose high-limit penalties on enterprises that fail to fulfill their audit obligations and let bad information spread. Through the strong deterrence of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network, enterprises realize that they must be cautious when it comes to minors’ information. There are minefields and restricted areas, and the era of relying on vulgar content for traffic and wandering the legal and moral edges is gone forever.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Taiwan Alliance and Chairman of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee Jiang Liping: Give better play to the role of parents in protecting minors.

On the issue of minors’ network protection, parents’ confusion is mainly manifested in: first, neglect of discipline, second, lack of experience in management, third, rejection of the Internet and refusal of children to choose the Internet as a new occupation.

Parents are the first responsible person for the protection of minors, and the "hidden classroom" provided by parents’ words and deeds will be more effective than the "explicit classroom" in schools.

How to ensure that parents can perform the role of the first responsible person;

First, play the role of the family. Incorporate the network protection requirements for minors into the requirements for the construction of "civilized families", and give play to the grassroots role of neighborhood committees and village committees through activities such as the selection of civilized families and five good families, and specifically implement relevant indicators.

Second, play the role of the government. The government should take measures to deal with parents who fail to fulfill their obligations, organize public welfare publicity and training activities, and promote the improvement of parents and children’s online literacy. You can even give subsidies for network literacy education for parenting families, give material and spiritual rewards for exemplary performance of guardianship duties, and guide and promote parents’ initiative.

Third, through legislation, it not only regulates the main bodies of all parties, but also guides social concepts. Parents should take the initiative to learn network knowledge, educate and guide minors with healthy network use conduct and methods, and prevent and stop minors from committing bad network behaviors. Parents should also respect the rights of minors, inform and listen to their children’s opinions when making network-related decisions on their behalf. We can also refer to the foreign system of "compulsory reporting" and "deprivation of custody" to strengthen the role and function of parents.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Mars, Vice President of Tianjin Higher People’s Court: Improve legal responsibility and increase punishment.

As criminal trial workers, we have always paid attention to the use of criminal means to protect minors. However, with the deep integration of online and offline, the criminal acts of using the Internet to infringe on the rights and interests of minors have become more complex, hidden and diversified. In addition to the traditional criminal means, it is necessary to further strengthen the protection of administrative means. In this regard, it is recommended that:

First, further increase the amount of fines in administrative punishment. Although the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) has made 30,000 to 100,000, 5

It is suggested that the fine of 10,000 to 500,000 should be further raised and unified to 50,000 to 500,000 or even higher.

Second, further enrich the means of administrative law enforcement. In the process of Internet supervision, government departments gradually explore and form some supervision means and methods that conform to the law of Internet development, and play an active role in practice. It is suggested that the effective supervision system such as interview warning, regular inspection, joint punishment and credit management of black and gray list should be upgraded to the provisions of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network, so as to realize the legalization and proceduralization of law enforcement means.

Three, in the relevant legislation to consider the effective connection between administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility. At present, the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment is being revised, and the Law on the Protection of Minors should also be revised. It is suggested that the formulation of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network should be organically combined with the revision of the previous two laws, and overall consideration should be made to achieve scientific and effective convergence.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Vice Chairman of Quanzhou CPPCC and Chairman of Quanzhou Association for Science and Technology Luo Shaming: Innovating "Three Societies Linkage" to Improve the Efficiency of Network Protection for Minors.

Network protection for minors is a systematic project of social governance, which needs community, social workers and social organizations to build, govern and share a win-win situation. Suggestion:

First, it is clear that the community should provide a healthy, safe and civilized public welfare network for minors, and combine unblocking and blocking to purify the subculture of the community network. Through the government’s purchase of services, psychological counseling rooms and community correction rooms for minors’ addiction to the Internet will be established in the community. Innovate community governance, give full play to the positive guiding role of community network celebrities, and social organizations and volunteers as social forces directly participate in public welfare projects for minors’ network protection.

Two, encourage social organizations to participate in the post supervision in advance of the Internet platform, and urge the enterprise platform to intercept and block all kinds of illegal and harmful information legally, legally and self-disciplined. Build a network security firewall, strengthen the online protection of minors and dynamically flatten law enforcement.

Third, industry associations should formulate industry standards for providing minors with network products with safety certification, risk assessment and installation of juvenile protection software, clearly list products and services unsuitable for minors, and guide members to strengthen network protection for minors.

Fourth, it is clear that legal aid will be given to the physical and mental victims of cyber bullying caused by minors, and social organizations will participate in relevant public interest litigation, and supervision and relief will be strengthened. Encourage lawyers’ associations and community lawyers to support the integrity file and blacklist system of enterprise legal persons established by relevant government departments.

Five, clear the Communist Youth League, the Women’s Federation, the Association for Science and Technology, universities and social organizations in educating and guiding minors’ correct values and helping the trapped minors, and enhance the comprehensive benefits of relevant technical supervision, legal supervision and social supervision.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Chen Zhimin, former deputy minister of the Ministry of Public Security: Strengthen the crackdown on violations of minors’ rights and interests

At present, the network protection of minors in China is facing a very serious situation. According to the practice of investigating and handling cases for many years, it is found that the problems that infringe on the rights and interests of minors in the network environment are mainly the following four categories:

1. Endanger national security. Making, publishing and disseminating information endangering national security, sovereignty, honor and interests for minors.

Two, infringement of civil rights and interests of minors, including infringement of personal rights and property rights. The former collects personal information and privacy information of minors without consent, while the latter induces irrational consumption of minors such as large rewards by network anchors.

Third, acts suspected of criminal offences. For example, using the Internet to organize, induce and instigate minors to commit self-mutilation, suicide and other acts, as well as engaging in child trafficking, are suspected of criminal offences.

Fourth, there are still omissions in administrative supervision. The main reason is that our current laws are universal, and there is no clear regulation on the protection of minors. Internet companies also have no grading restrictions on age according to information content, so it is difficult for law enforcement departments to conduct targeted supervision.

The above behaviors are still developing and changing, and new types and forms will appear. In order to avoid the situation that cannot be relied upon, it is suggested to further study the above behaviors, so as to make the regulations more targeted, operational and effective, and to make the regulations more binding and deterrent.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Vice President all china lawyers association, Director and Managing Partner Zhu Zhengfu of Guangdong Oriental Kunlun Law Firm: It is suggested that the age standard for minors with the consent of guardians should be set at 14 years old.

Focusing on the relevant provisions on the protection of minors’ personal information in the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review), the following suggestions are put forward:

First, it is suggested that the age standard for minors’ personal information to require the consent of their guardians be set at 14 years old. From the experience at home and abroad, the main system of special protection for minors’ personal information is the guardian’s consent system for collecting minors’ personal information. The Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) has similar provisions, but all of them are determined to be 18 years old. It is suggested to subdivide them according to the civil capacity of minors of different ages. Although the age standards for parents’ consent to collect personal information of minors in different countries are different, they are all lower than their standards for identifying minors. The national recommended technical standard "Personal Information Security Standard", which came into effect on May 1, is also 14 years old. Therefore, minors over the age of 14, who are physically and mentally mature, have the right to decide whether to consent to the collection of their personal information by others without parental consent.

Second, reasonably distinguish the applicable objects of the guardian consent system in combination with practice. For online service providers specifically for children, it is necessary to obtain the explicit consent of the guardian. For general websites, it is moderately relaxed, and more guardians take the initiative to take responsibility.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Assistant Director peking university health science center and Director of the Department of Health Policy and Management Wu Ming: The correction of Internet addiction needs to be standardized.

From a medical point of view, there are the following problems in Internet addiction treatment: First, the nature of Internet addiction treatment institutions is complex, and the examination and approval departments are numerous and unclear. Second, the admission conditions of correction institutions, the criteria for judging Internet addiction and the indications for income correction institutions are not clear. Third, there is a regulatory gap in the qualifications of correctional institutions and the corrective methods adopted. In this regard, it is recommended that:

First, the government should increase investment in research and promote relevant research. On this basis, as soon as possible, put forward the admission standards of correction institutions, the evaluation methods and judgment standards of Internet addiction, and the norms of correction methods, so as to clarify the conditions that correction institutions should have and standardize the standards and correction measures for entering correction institutions.

Two, clear the competent departments of all kinds of correction institutions, all correction institutions need to be approved by the competent authorities, in order to carry out correction within the prescribed scope.

Three, the establishment of a comprehensive prevention and control mechanism, the relevant government departments to strengthen the supervision of correctional institutions.

4. Paragraph 2 of Article 20 of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Internet (Draft for Review), "People’s governments at or above the county level and their education administrative departments should equip primary and secondary schools with specialized teachers or improve their professional level, enhance their ability to identify and intervene minors’ Internet addiction at an early stage, and provide education or services to prevent and intervene minors’ Internet addiction by purchasing services" should be an independent article, and it should be supplemented that correction institutions must be approved before they can carry out correction within the prescribed scope, and adopt medical treatment without qualification, beyond the scope, especially without authorization.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Vice Chairman of Guangdong Provincial Political Consultative Conference Zhang Jiaji: Internet companies should be encouraged to take the initiative to assume social responsibilities.

How should the three subjects "parents, enterprises and government" bear the responsibility for the network protection of minors? I think:

First, it is difficult for parents to bear the main responsibility of network protection for minors. As we all know, minors are "Internet aborigines", while parents are "Internet immigrants", so they lack the mastery of network technology. In addition, many parents of rural children go to work in cities. If too many responsibilities are given to parents, it will be difficult to implement them.

Second, enterprises are operators, manufacturers and providers of network products, and they are also strong in network technology. Enterprises must have social responsibilities.

Third, network technology is an enterprise technology that should be encouraged to develop. The main responsibility should be placed on enterprises, not to crack down on enterprises, but to encourage enterprises to research and develop network products and services suitable for minors’ physical and mental health, explore new technologies and means for minors’ network protection, and formulate enterprise standards that are stricter than the law. In the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network, enterprises that operate legally and can provide positive network products and services should be rewarded with honors, policies, funds and taxes, and more space should be provided for the rewards.

Fourth, the government’s supervision is duty-bound. Therefore, the "Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network" should attach importance to strengthening the government’s responsibility and accountability, and clarify the competent lead unit and the corresponding coordination mechanism.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, CEO of Venus Star Information Technology Group Co., Ltd. Yan Wangjia: Using technical protection means to create a healthy network environment.

Make some suggestions:

1. It is suggested to study and refer to the EU’s General Data Protection Regulations, which will be formally implemented on May 25th this year, and expand the application scope of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network. It is suggested that no matter whether the enterprise is located at home or abroad and what kind of network services it provides, as long as the user group contains minor citizens in China, it must abide by the provisions of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Networks.

Second, it is suggested that network information service providers should adopt big data technology to accurately portray the network behavior of minors. After accurate portrait, harmful information can’t be pushed, but it is necessary to predict the potential network addicted user group, notify relevant parents, guardians or regulatory authorities, and make early warning and intervention.

Third, it is suggested to set up a cloud platform to evaluate the network usage of minors, requiring enterprises that provide network information services to minors to regularly report the network usage of minors to the cloud platform after desensitizing the necessary data, including statistical information such as duration and frequency. Through this cloud platform, regulators can establish a long-term mechanism for data collection to provide support for scientific decision-making.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Vice Chairman of Guangzhou CPPCC and Vice President of Guangzhou University Yu Xinwei: Strictly control the source of technology and strengthen the management of online games.

Now I would like to make some suggestions on strengthening the management of online games:

First, the positive role of online game curfew system can not be ignored. The Regulations on the Network Protection of Minors (Draft for Review) clearly stipulates: "Online game enterprises shall not provide online game services to minors from 0: 00 to 8: 00 every day." This is the "game curfew system". There were also some controversies in the previous public consultation. Some opponents thought that this was unscientific, uniform, easy to evade, and easy to cause rebellion among teenagers. At present, there is similar legislation in South Korea, which is really controversial and the effect is not very satisfactory. The curfew system is a very important link in the game management chain, and it is very important to ensure the normal rest of minors. Of course, the real landing may be closely related to real-name registration system and effective measures for identification.

Second, formulate norms and standards for healthy online games classified by age and content as soon as possible, and strictly control the source from the technical level. It is suggested to add a system of graded operation and management of websites, online video programs and online games in the regulations, and there should be some principled opinions. In addition, the departmental rules of the online game operation management department should be formulated as soon as possible, and some contents can be refined. Classification standardization and management, classification on the basis of content review, and truly realize classification guidance and classification operation.

Third, cancel all the rules of the game that use the weakness of human nature to bind the player’s will. There are strict restrictions and requirements in some rules of the game, especially for the issuance of virtual currency in the game.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, vice chairman of Liaoning Chaoyang CPPCC, Xing Jihua, deputy procurator-general of Chaoyang Procuratorate: Pay attention to the network literacy of all parties and build a three-dimensional protection system.

From the perspective of grassroots judicial work, we hope to pay more attention to cracking down on the perpetrators and cleaning up the external conditions and environment, but sometimes we ignore the improvement of the victims’ own ability. There are two points in this: First, can the technology or management guarantee that minors are not exposed to bad information and are not infringed by bad information? Because cyberspace is an open space, especially the push of some information does not need to be checked and there is no relevant review. Since contact with bad information cannot be completely avoided, it is an inevitable choice to improve the network literacy of minors themselves in order to protect minors from infringement. Second, schools and parents should bear the responsibility of guardianship, including supervision and education. At present, more attention is paid to supervision, but education is more fundamental and effective. In this regard, it is recommended that:

First, give play to the educational role of the main channel, and incorporate network literacy education into the compulsory education curriculum and the teaching examination syllabus.

Second, parents should be encouraged to receive network literacy education, and the society and the government should bear some responsibilities and provide necessary training for parents.

Third, as an advocacy clause, the construction of network morality can also be written into the regulations. For example, primary code, village rules and regulations, including the ethics of some enterprises and industries, can incorporate the requirements of network literacy.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, President of Beijing No.12 Middle School Li Youyi: Give full play to the role of education departments and schools in the network protection of minors.

In the network protection of minors, education departments and schools have great responsibilities. It is suggested that the obligations of education departments and schools should be further clarified in the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network.

It is suggested that the legal obligations of the education department include: first, according to the law of physical and mental development of minors and the staged characteristics of online life, give priority to education guidance, guide primary and secondary school students to surf the Internet in a green and civilized way, and support them with special funds. The second is to construct an integrated network media literacy system for primary and secondary schools. The third is to strengthen the construction of public cultural facilities for public welfare online services. The fourth is to find out the network violations involving primary and secondary school students, report to the local cultural tourism, public security, network information and other departments in time, and take rectification measures with relevant departments.

It is suggested that the statutory obligations of schools include:

First, primary and secondary schools should bring the online media literacy of minors into the core literacy category of students’ development and cultivate it, and bring it into the daily work, annual work and development planning of the school. Second, primary and secondary schools should establish a home-school cooperation mechanism for network protection of minors. Third, primary and secondary schools should set up off-campus classes and other ways to guide minors’ guardians to learn network knowledge, improve network literacy, and enhance their ability to educate and guide minors to use the network correctly. Fourth, primary and secondary schools should establish an early warning and reporting system for minors’ cyber security, and regularly report all kinds of security problems found in minors’ cyber life, such as internet addiction, cyber bullying, cyber pornography, cyber violence, cyber fraud, cyber reactionary and terrorist remarks, to the education administrative department so as to analyze, guide and solve them in time.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Peng Jing, the chief lawyer of Chongqing Jingsheng Law Firm: Perfection of the reporting mechanism of illegal and bad information of minors on the Internet.

Although the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) stipulates the network reporting system, there are still some problems: First, the reporting operation is not strong; Second, the reporting channels are not smooth. In this regard, it is recommended that:

First, establish a unified reporting platform and achieve departmental linkage. In 2005, the China Internet Illegal and Bad Information Reporting Center was established, which has been running effectively for many years. It is suggested that the relevant state authorities should build a unified national reporting platform based on it, and require relevant Internet companies to actively access the platform to share reporting information and establish a reporting linkage mechanism.

Second, establish a convenient and efficient reporting procedure. The "prominent way" in "the network information service provider publicizes the reporting ways and methods in a prominent way" can be further refined, similar to "on the homepage of the website" and "at the top of the APP".

Third, improve the reporting responsibility regulations. Provisions on the responsibilities of relevant government departments can be added. If the departments of network information, culture, press and publication, radio and television fail to establish a reporting system or fail to accept and dispose of reports in time, the higher authorities shall order them to make corrections, and if they refuse to make corrections or the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law.

Four, increase the reporting security system and the restrictive provisions of malicious reporting. The first is the confidentiality of reporting. The second is to improve the incentive mechanism for reporting. Finally, the behavior of "malicious reporting" is strictly regulated. If the network information service provider has evidence to prove that the whistleblower is malicious or untrue, the legal responsibility of the whistleblower can be investigated according to law.

Guo Kaitian, Senior Vice President of Tencent: Fulfilling Corporate Responsibility and Doing a Good Job in Network Protection for Minors.

Network protection of minors needs the participation of many subjects. At present, there are phenomena such as unbalanced regional development in China, and the left-behind children groups caused by migrant workers are obviously absent from their guardians. However, it is easy to be bypassed by only emphasizing technical measures such as real-name authentication and anti-addiction. The Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network strengthens the concept of "holism" and emphasizes the educational obligations of schools and parents, and the cooperation of the government and enterprises is a highlight.

As far as Tencent is concerned, whether it is involved in formulating laws and policies, improving industry standards, or developing technical prevention and control capabilities, it is willing to do its part. Talk about two specific opinions:

First, it is suggested to treat online games objectively and provide legal protection for the development of functional games. In addition to entertainment games, functional games integrate the gamification concept in education, medical care, management and other industries. Therefore, I hope to comprehensively evaluate the role of online games, increase encouraging regulations for functional games, and open up a green channel for the approval of their version numbers.

Second, it is suggested that the network short video service should be clearly regulated in legislation. Recently, all kinds of short live video platforms rely on algorithms to speculate on users’ preferences, spread bad information about minors’ pornography, violence, vulgarity and so on, and induce imitation, which makes people deeply involved. The national network information office and other departments severely punished them according to law, and public opinion reacted strongly. It is necessary to supervise the types of network products that may infringe on minors in the Insurance Regulations.

Zhou Hanhua, Vice President of china law society Network and Information Law Research Association and Assistant Director of the Institute of Law of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Suggestions on the legislative orientation of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network.

It is very important to deal with the positioning of Internet information content management and personal information protection in the regulations and highlight the key points of legislation, which can not only avoid duplication and overlapping of legislation, but also make full use of legislative resources to solve the outstanding problems faced by the protection of minors under the network environment.

For example, Article 7, paragraph 2, of the Regulations on the Network Protection of Minors (Draft for Review) stipulates that "if a network information service provider provides network platform services, it shall review the information it publishes; If information that violates laws, administrative regulations and departmental rules is found, measures shall be taken to filter, delete or block it, and report to the relevant competent authorities. " However, Article 47 of the Cyber Security Law stipulates that "network operators should strengthen the management of information released by their users, and if they find information prohibited by laws and administrative regulations from being released or transmitted, they should immediately stop transmitting the information, take measures such as elimination, prevent information from spreading, keep relevant records, and report to the relevant competent departments". Neither the Cyber Security Law nor the decision on the protection of network information in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) stipulates the general censorship obligation. The Regulation on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) changes "management" to "conduct censorship", which is inconsistent with the provisions of the law; In addition, the Regulation on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) uses the expression of "filtering, deleting or shielding" instead of "eliminating and other disposal measures", omitting the provisions of "immediately stopping the transmission of this information" and "preventing the spread of information", which may lead to inconsistent understanding.

It is suggested that the regulations further clarify the legislative orientation and focus on outstanding issues such as fair use of the Internet by minors and prevention of Internet addiction. If it is really necessary to keep the contents of internet information content management and personal information protection of minors, we should handle the relationship with relevant legislation and avoid provisions inconsistent with the existing legislation.

Briefing of ministries and commissions and on-site response

Yuan Shuhong, Party Secretary and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Justice:

While the Internet has effectively expanded the study and living space of minors, there have also been some problems that need to be solved urgently, such as minors’ addiction to online games, exposure to a large number of information content that affects their physical and mental health, and abuse of personal information.

The National Internet Information Office drafted the Regulations on Network Protection for Minors (Draft for Review), which was submitted to the State Council for deliberation in November 2016. After receiving the manuscript, we submitted it to the leading comrades of the State Council for approval, and in January 2017, we publicly solicited opinions from the public on the Legal Information Network of China Government. All sectors of society generally believe that it is necessary to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors through legislation. At the same time, the relevant parties have also put forward some questions and opinions on the content of the draft: the relevant system is not targeted enough; The text structure needs to be optimized; The main responsibilities of all parties need to be clear; Measures to prevent internet addiction need to be refined; The punishment should be increased.

Together with the National Internet Information Office, we have studied the opinions from all sides one by one. We believe that we should focus on the following points in the overall thinking of legislative review and revision: First, we should give priority to prevention and protection. Fully protect minors’ online rights, educate and guide minors to learn network knowledge, improve network literacy, use the network correctly, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors. The second is to clarify the responsibilities of all parties and implement social co-governance. Clarify the responsibilities of relevant government departments, enterprises, schools, families, industry organizations, news media and other subjects, and form a pattern of social co-governance of minors’ network protection. Third, we should pay equal attention to standardizing network service behavior and promoting the development of network industry. When clarifying and strengthening the responsibility of Internet enterprises, we should adhere to the principle of both necessity and feasibility, which not only urges enterprises to fulfill their social responsibilities, but also does not excessively increase the burden on enterprises, and pay attention to guiding Internet enterprises to continuously improve their management systems. The fourth is to handle the relationship between regulations and relevant laws and regulations. It is not only well connected with the law on the protection of minors, the network security law, etc., but also absorbs more mature practical experience into the regulations in time.

We are deepening and perfecting the problems in the network protection of minors and the solutions to them. In response to the opinions and suggestions of members and experts, the Ministry of Justice will carefully make records, study them one by one, further revise and improve the regulations, and step up the legislative process.

Yang Xiaowei, Deputy Director of the Central Network Information Office:

Just now, after listening to the opinions and suggestions of experts from all members, I was deeply inspired and deeply responsible. As the lead department in drafting the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network, we will carefully sort out your opinions and further study and improve them with relevant departments.

For most of the questions raised by everyone, we have carefully studied them in the legislative process and made corresponding system designs. However, the protection of minors’ network is a wide-ranging and comprehensive work, which involves the responsibilities of many administrative departments. How to coordinate the opinions of various departments is also an important issue we face in the drafting process.

The cases mentioned by everyone, such as the "blue whale incident" and "children’s cult films", have aroused great concern in the whole society. Strengthening the protection of minors in cyberspace has become the common appeal and expectation of the whole society, and it has also become a key problem to be solved by the Central Network Information Office. But at the same time, because the network protection of minors involves family, school, society, government, enterprises and other aspects, even if the goals are the same, because everyone has different perspectives, opinions are often inconsistent. For example, regarding the correction of minors’ addiction to online games, some parents think it is really necessary to take all means to correct them, otherwise the children can’t be saved; However, other parents are worried about setting up an Internet addiction correction institution. In view of the lack of clear medical standards to classify and identify them at present, we have made a provision that "no organization or individual may interfere with minors’ activities of indulging in games through illegal means such as abuse and coercion" from the perspective of grasping the main contradictions. The design of this system also provides a space for law enforcement departments to further carry out relevant management work.

In the next step, we will actively study and adopt your suggestions, cooperate with the Ministry of Justice to organize relevant legislative research activities, further improve the contents of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network (Draft for Review) on the basis of fully absorbing opinions from all sides, and promote the legislative process of the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network.

Zhu Zhiwen, member of the Party Group and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Education:

It is of great significance and far-reaching influence to study and formulate the Regulations on the Network Protection of Minors, strengthen the network protection of minors according to law, and prevent and correct improper network behavior of minors. The following is a brief response to the questions and suggestions raised by the members:

First, on strengthening the cultivation of integrated network media literacy in primary and secondary schools. The Ministry of Education attaches great importance to the education of network security knowledge, pays attention to giving full play to the role of classroom as the main channel, and incorporates the education of network security knowledge into the curriculum contents of morality and rule of law, information technology and comprehensive practical activities in primary and secondary schools. In the next step, experts will be organized to conduct in-depth research and promote the construction of an integrated network literacy training system for primary and secondary schools.

Two, about the role of education departments and schools in the network protection of minors. The Ministry of Education requires all localities to put the network protection of minors in a more prominent position, focus on strengthening the daily management of rural schools and boarding schools, guide schools to strengthen the content management of campus networks, and build a campus green grid. All primary and secondary schools are required to clarify the educational responsibilities of the staff in each position, strengthen the management at noon and after class, standardize students’ use of mobile phones, pay attention to the organizational role of school groups and teams, and incorporate the prevention of students’ addiction to the Internet into the content of education supervision.

Three, on the construction of school minors network security early warning and reporting system. Recently, we deployed schools around the country to organize a comprehensive investigation to understand the basic situation of primary and secondary school students using the Internet, focusing on the investigation of students’ addiction to games and other issues. In the next step, the Ministry of Education will promote local research and formulate relevant measures to promote the institutionalization and normalization of early warning and reporting of cyber security for minors.

Four, on the establishment of network protection of minors home-school cooperation mechanism. The Ministry of Education requires all local schools to remind every parent to take the responsibility of supervising their children and help them improve their network literacy through home visits, parent meetings, parent schools and other forms. On how to prevent students from indulging in the Internet, the Ministry of Education also issued a letter to parents of primary and secondary school students nationwide, calling on and demanding that every family fulfill their responsibilities.

In the future work, we will deeply study the opinions and suggestions of the Committee members, learn from them when studying and formulating relevant policies, and actively work with relevant departments to jointly do a good job in the network protection of minors.

Chen Zhaoxiong, member of the Party Group and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology:

It is very important, necessary and urgent to formulate the Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network. After listening to the opinions and suggestions of members and representatives, I was very inspired. Here are three aspects of the responsibilities of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology:

First, the problem of installing network protection software on intelligent terminal equipment. Just now, many members suggested installing internet security software and formulating relevant industry standards. In the early stage, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology organized Huawei and other enterprises to make some attempts, with good results. The next step will be to strengthen the formulation of standards and gradually promote them nationwide, forming a situation in which the government, enterprises and society jointly promote them.

Second, on urging the website to implement the responsibility of protecting minors. Several members suggested strengthening website supervision, implementing corporate responsibility, improving reporting channels and strengthening accountability for violations. In the early stage, according to the requirements of the cyber security law, we comprehensively used access permission, social supervision and administrative punishment to urge all kinds of enterprises to implement relevant legal responsibilities. In the next step, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will further strengthen the supervision of the industry, especially the construction of technical means, in order to realize the rule of the network by the network.

Three, about the protection of personal information of minors. Several members suggested that the protection of minors’ personal information should be strengthened, the legal requirements and management regulations for the collection and use should be further clarified, and a monitoring platform for minors’ online information should be established. In the next step, we will further strengthen policy guidance and strengthen supervision and inspection based on the characteristics of information protection for minors. At the same time, the feasibility of monitoring platform construction is studied.

In the next step, we will seriously study and fully absorb the opinions of members and experts, and do a good job in implementing the spirit of this meeting.

Selected speeches of members attending the biweekly consultation forum

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Director of Language Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences, Wang Canlong:

It is urgent to formulate and promulgate a perfect law, clarify the responsibilities and rights of parents, schools and relevant government departments, standardize the business behaviors of Internet companies and online game companies, and create a healthy, beneficial and safe cyberspace and environment for minors.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, actor Liu Yuwan of China Oriental Performing Arts Group Co., Ltd.:

It is suggested that the online game market should be strictly regulated and the problems of minors indulging in online games should be solved. I hope to reach a consensus as soon as possible, actively promote network laws and regulations to protect minors, further improve the supervision project for minors’ parents, promote the parental guardian platform, and strengthen parental responsibility. Promote enterprise self-discipline, encourage social supervision, strengthen credit management, blacklist illegal enterprises in time, and implement joint punishment.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, President of the First Court of Civil Trial of Tongzhou District People’s Court, Li Yingxin:

Because of the unlimited information and humanized interaction of the network, the advantages are self-evident. Compared with the traditional social form, the Internet can make up for many shortcomings of the real society and greatly expand the vision of minors and Social circle. But it gives minors the same strength as adults, but not the same wisdom. The network has the characteristics of a global resource market, and there are bound to be mixed phenomena, and there are undoubtedly hidden dangers for minors to participate in online communication. It is imperative to promote the legislation of network protection for minors and create a healthy, civilized and orderly network environment.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Vice President of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Institute of Party History and Literature, Wu Degang:

Because the network protection of minors is a complex social system project, involving many legal subjects, first, we must adhere to systematic thinking and comprehensive policies, and we must not treat the symptoms and feet; Second, we must grasp the main contradictions and highlight the key points; Third, we must adhere to the problem orientation, and solve what problems are outstanding first; Fourth, efforts should be made to establish and improve the working mechanism of minors’ network protection, with the government leading, family enterprises, schools and society participating together and making concerted efforts.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Director of Institute of Contemporary Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences, Zhang Shunhong:

At present, there are many problems in the Internet, such as vulgarity, violence, pornography and other junk information, which is shocking and extremely harmful to the majority of young people, and it is urgent to strengthen governance. Criminals and unscrupulous businesses must do everything possible to make use of the internet to make harm to the world and must be severely cracked down. We must not treat the internet lightly, which is related to the national spirit and the long-term stability of the country.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Chen Hongyan, Deputy Director of the National Library of Ancient Books:

On the one hand, the rapid development of the Internet is beneficial to minors’ learning and communication; on the other hand, not only negative information and online games threaten minors’ physical and mental health, but also primary school students spend too much time doing their homework with APP, resulting in a sharp decline in their eyesight and an impact on their physical development. It will also hinder students’ grasp of Chinese characters, and so on. When legislating, we should also clearly restrict guardians and school work methods. At the same time, it is advisable to develop useful game software and provide positive guidance, such as the 30-minute parent-child China Poetry Competition.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, inspector of international department of China Disabled Persons’ Federation, Wei Fei, executive vice president and secretary general of China Lions Association:

I hope that in the detailed rules, the responsibilities of all parties to "social co-governance" can be clearly defined. I am most concerned about two important responsible parties: parents and schools. In the existing system, the effective interaction between parents and schools is insufficient. Parents are the most important force to cultivate excellent citizens. Parents’ information is fragmented, and schools can become an important platform to help parents educate their children.

It is suggested that schools should be required to open "parent classes" and establish "parent schools" when the "Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network" is formulated, and the services of specialized social organizations can be purchased, which can also promote the development of relevant social organizations. I hope that "helping parents" will become an important part of this regulation to strengthen basic design.

Member Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Vice Chairman and Secretary of the Secretariat of the 11th China Women’s Federation Cui Yu:

The meeting does not shy away from the problem, the research ideas are highly targeted, the legislative principles are accurate, and the path to solve the problem is clear. It can be said that this is the attitude that must be held in the new era of network.

The Regulations on the Protection of Minors’ Network clarifies that the State Council and local governments should regard the protection of minors’ network as an important part of the protection of minors, and education, public security, industry and commerce departments should carry out the protection of minors’ network according to their respective responsibilities. In particular, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations and other organizations can also assist relevant departments in the protection of minors.

　　On November 11th, "Singles Day" is just around the corner, and single people have once again become the focus of social attention. Yesterday, the third issue of the series report on the status quo of single people in 2016 (hereinafter referred to as the "report") released by zhenai showed that the average monthly disposable income reached 8,000 yuan for golden singles; Guangzhou-Shenzhen women set a threshold of 10,000 yuan in salary for mate selection; Over six adults agree with "spare tire" dating; Shanghai and Hangzhou spend more than 10,000 honeymoon budgets to lead the honeymoon local tyrants list; Nanjing is the last place to live with parents after single marriage.

　　This report is mainly aimed at the online sampling survey of 100 million members in zhenai, with a total of 4,555 valid samples, which comprehensively analyzes the economic situation, spouse selection and marriage view of singles.

　　single economy

　　"Golden Singles" have more women than men.

　　In the "Chopper Party" bought by "double 11" buy buy, the consumption power of single people is not to mention, and the monthly disposable income also directly determines the quality of personal life. According to the report, over 50% of single men and women have an average monthly disposable income of 3,000-5,000 yuan, while nearly 30% have an average monthly disposable income of 5,000-8,000 yuan, and 10% have an average monthly disposable income of more than 8,000 yuan.

　　Single men and women with an average disposable income of over 8,000 yuan per month are called golden singles, with Shanghai accounting for the largest proportion of singles, followed by Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Guangzhou. It is interesting to find in the report that the proportion of single women is higher than that of single men among people with an average disposable income of over 8,000 yuan per month. In first-tier cities, the number of single women with independent economy and high spending power is also increasing.

　　Spouse selection requirements

　　Women in Beijing demand high monthly income from their boyfriends.

　　Through the process of blind date, it can be found that income is one of the important factors for single men and women to consider when choosing a spouse. According to the report, with the development of material economy, women’s economic requirements in mate selection have also risen. More than 80% of single women think that 5,000 yuan is the starting point of men’s income, that is, the "passing line". Among them, 67.06% of single women require men’s monthly income to be 5,000-10,000 yuan, while 25.02% require their monthly income to exceed 10,000 yuan. Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou rank among the top five cities in China with high demands on men’s income. However, men’s income requirements for women are generally low — — 80% of the men said that the other half would be willing to accept it if their income was less than 5,000 yuan, and there was no special requirement.

　　In addition to income, there are many factors to consider when choosing a spouse. According to the survey, 42.78% of women think it is very important to be suitable in marriage, while 90.17% of single men think that feelings are more important when they enter marriage, and a good family is not a necessary condition.

　　Choice of spouse vision

　　178cm for men and 163cm for women are the most popular.

　　People who are difficult to take off their orders are often considered to be demanding and too picky. And is this the case? According to the report, it is not only men who are "visual animals", but nearly 70% of single women think that their partner’s appearance is "very important" when choosing a spouse, and they have higher requirements for men’s height and body shape. In contrast, less than 40% of single men attach great importance to each other’s appearance and height and size.

　　The single men and women interviewed also gave their most expected height range, among which men with 178cm, 180cm and 175cm were the most popular among women, while men preferred women with 163cm, 168cm and 160cm in height.

　　In terms of age, 80% of single men tend to find a partner younger than themselves, and 65% of them want the other half to be less than 7 years younger. Among women, more than 90% said that the other half must be older than themselves in the future, and 85.7% of them had an ideal age difference of less than 7 years. As can be seen from the data, the age difference in mate selection is within 7 years.

　　Characteristics of mate selection

　　Over 60% of adults approve of spare tire dating.

　　In the process of choosing a spouse, most single men and women think that it is not wrong to date more than one person at the same time before the formal relationship is established. The data shows that 64.23% of single men and women think that they can date 2-3 people at the same time before determining the relationship, and then make a comprehensive understanding before making a decision.

　　With the increase of divorce rate, the number of divorced singles is also increasing. Traditionally, divorced people are hard to find a partner, especially for divorced single women. However, the survey in zhenai showed that over 70% of single men and women said they didn’t mind that the other person was remarried.

　　As the touchstone of marriage, cohabitation before marriage is increasingly accepted by society. According to the survey in zhenai, 73.79% of the single men and women interviewed said that they accepted cohabitation before marriage, especially for men, and over 80% of single men thought cohabitation was necessary. However, as far as women are concerned, only 60% of women accept premarital cohabitation, among which post-80s women have the highest acceptance, followed by post-70s women, while post-90s women have less than 50% of people who accept premarital love, preferring to have their own independent space rather than being tied to family life prematurely.

　　honeymoon trip

　　More than half of men and women prefer to travel overseas.

　　The survey shows that the longing for honeymoon trip is the most anticipated part of the wish to leave the order. 58.17% of men and women think that they will choose to go overseas to make their honeymoon trip more memorable, even though they have more time to travel in China. Among them, the proportion of women who choose overseas travel is as high as 72.15%. As for the location, Australia is loved by 45.6% of young men and women because of its characteristics of "romantic island country" and "natural scenery". The second place on the wish list is Northern Europe. Nearly 30% of single men and women think that Nordic countries such as Switzerland and Denmark are full of fairy tales, and honeymoon trips should be as wonderful as fairy tales. The third place is the domestic honeymoon trip, and the reasons for choosing the domestic tour are closeness in human geography, convenience in language communication, safety and suitable consumption level.

　　According to the report, the honeymoon spending list is similar to the monthly average disposable income list: 70% of single men and women in Shanghai and Hangzhou said that they are willing to spend more than 10,000 yuan per person on honeymoon trips, followed by Beijing, with a budget of over 60%. However, in cities with relatively frugal honeymoon budgets, single men and women in Changsha, Xi ‘an and Jinan admit that they will not spend too much on honeymoon trips.

　　Family relations

　　Nanjing is the last place to live with parents after single marriage.

　　According to the survey, although most single men and women don’t mind living with their parents, it is undeniable that more than 40% of single men and women expect to go their separate ways with their parents after marriage. Among them, Nanjing has the highest proportion of single men and women, reaching 63.63%, followed by Jinan and Shenzhen, showing their attitude towards living independently after marriage.

　　According to the survey, 81.06% of single men and women want to have one or two children after marriage, but although the country has opened up a second child, there are still more single men and women who tend to have one child than those who have two children. In addition, girls seem to become more popular, and more than 60% of single men and women prefer to have girls.

CCTV News:On April 14th, Shu Yuting, spokesperson of the Ministry of Commerce, said that since the beginning of this year, China’s foreign trade has withstood the pressure and started well on the whole, laying a good foundation for achieving the annual target.

Shu Yuting said that in the first quarter, China’s total import and export volume reached 9.42 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10.7%. However, we should also be soberly aware that the environment for foreign trade development is becoming more severe and complicated, and we are facing many risks and challenges.

From an international perspective, the bottleneck of global supply chain has not been alleviated, inflationary pressure has risen, monetary policies in major economies have tightened, and the growth rate of global economy and trade has declined. On April 12th, the WTO lowered its forecast of global economic and trade growth in 2022 by 1.3 and 1.7 percentage points respectively.

From the domestic point of view, local epidemics have occurred frequently recently, and the production and operation of some foreign trade enterprises have been affected, logistics and transportation have been blocked, the supply chain in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta has been sluggish, and the comprehensive cost of enterprises has remained high.

At the same time, however, China’s foreign trade industry has a solid foundation, and the long-term positive fundamentals have not changed. There are still many favorable conditions to achieve the goal of maintaining stability and improving quality in imports and exports.

Shu Yuting, spokesperson of the Ministry of Commerce:The Ministry of Commerce will continue to pay close attention to the changes in the situation, do a good job in the implementation of the policies that have been introduced to stabilize foreign trade, study effective new policies, open up blocking points, solve difficulties and eliminate pain points, fully ensure the stable and smooth supply chain of the foreign trade industry chain, help foreign trade enterprises solve difficulties, and strive to keep foreign trade running in a reasonable range throughout the year.

　　At the beginning of this month, a criminal ruling issued by Beijing No.1 Intermediate People’s Court showed that Tong Mingqian, former vice chairman of Hunan Provincial Political Consultative Conference and now serving his sentence in Qincheng Prison, received a six-month commutation, and his sentence after commutation will expire on June 30, 2018.

　　Tong Mingqian will be the first tiger to be released after serving his sentence.

　　Incident

　　— — The bribery case that shocked the whole country.

　　The story of Tong Mingqian, the "first tiger" in Hunan after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, from a senior official at the provincial and ministerial level to a criminal in jail, begins with the election more than five years ago.

　　From December 28th, 2012 to January 3rd, 2013, the first meeting of the 14th People’s Congress was held in Hengyang City, Hunan Province. In the process of electing the deputies to the 12th People’s Congress of Hunan Province by difference, what was later called "the most serious case of sabotaging the election since the establishment of the new China People’s Congress system" appeared.

　　According to the situation investigated later, the severity of this bribery election case is shocking.

　　According to Xinhua News Agency, among the 76 provincial people’s congress deputies elected in Hengyang at that time, 56 people sent money to canvass votes, totaling more than 110 million yuan, and the per capita money was nearly 2 million yuan, which did not include the usual money for dinner. Of the 527 Hengyang Municipal People’s Congress deputies who attended the meeting, 518 received more than 100 million yuan in money and goods.

　　The staff of Hengyang Municipal People’s Congress participated in receiving and distributing money, and 68 staff of the Congress received a total of 10.01 million yuan.

　　At the beginning of April 2013, the cover of Hengyang’s sabotage election case, which was tried by some forces, was finally completely uncovered with the direct intervention of the central government and the vigorous promotion of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee.

　　Since April 2013, a thorough investigation storm has been launched in Hengyang, and a large number of people involved in the case have fallen.

　　In Hengyang officialdom, there were nearly 500 people who were seriously dereliction of duty, dereliction of duty and violation of discipline in this case, including Tong Mingqian, then secretary of Hengyang Municipal Party Committee.

　　China News Service reporter Liu Zhenshe

　　crime and punishment

　　— — Mr. Nice guy was sentenced to five years in prison for dereliction of duty.

　　On December 18th, 2013, the website of CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection released a message that Tong Mingqian, who had been the vice chairman of Hunan Provincial Political Consultative Conference at that time, was suspected of serious violation of discipline and law and was under investigation. A few days later, Tong Mingqian was "double opened".

　　CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection mentioned in his briefing on Tong Mingqian:

　　During his tenure as secretary of Hengyang Municipal Committee of Hunan Province, Tong Mingqian, as the leader of the leading group for the city’s general election and the first responsible person for serious general election discipline, did not perform his duties correctly, and did not take effective measures in time to seriously investigate and deal with the bribery problems exposed before and after the election of Hunan Provincial People’s Congress by Hengyang Municipal People’s Congress, which led to serious cases of violation of discipline and law that undermined the election by bribery, causing great losses to the interests of the party, the country and the people, and extremely bad political and social impacts.

　　More than seven months later, on July 24, 2014, the famous "Mr. Nice guy" in local officialdom stood in the dock of Beijing No.2 Intermediate People’s Court. On August 18th, Tong Mingqian was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment for dereliction of duty.

　　After the trial of Tong Mingqian case, China Discipline Inspection and Supervision Newspaper published a commentary entitled "Not only checking corrupt officials but also treating mediocre officials". According to the article, as the first senior official who was dismissed for dereliction of duty since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the sample significance of Tong Mingqian’s case is enormous: the fight against corruption can’t stop at the fight against corruption, and inaction for officials is also corruption.

　　reduce a penalty

　　— — Became an activist for prison reform for two consecutive years.

　　According to the judgment of Beijing No.2 Intermediate People’s Court, Tong Mingqian was detained on January 1, 2014 on suspicion of dereliction of duty, arrested on January 14 of the same year, and then detained in Qincheng Prison of the Ministry of Public Security.

　　After spending more than four years in prison, in March this year, the Beijing No.1 Intermediate People’s Court issued a public notice on the trial of Tong Mingqian’s commutation case. In June, the hospital issued a criminal ruling on the commutation of Tong Mingqian’s dereliction of duty.

　　According to the ruling, Qincheng Prison, the executive organ, proposed to reduce the sentence of Tong Mingqian, a criminal. Qincheng Prison believes that Tong Mingqian, a criminal, can plead guilty and repent, seriously abide by laws, regulations and prison rules, obey management and actively reform during the period of serving his sentence. In 2015 and 2016, he won the award of prison reform activists for two consecutive years. According to Tong Mingqian’s reform and reward, Qincheng Prison put forward suggestions on reducing Tong Mingqian’s sentence.

　　In the ruling, Beijing No.1 Intermediate People’s Court stated that during the period of serving his sentence, Tong Mingqian pleaded guilty, repented, abided by laws, regulations and prison regulations, and received education and reform, and his sentence could be reduced. However, in view of the fact that the offender is a duty criminal, the extent of his commutation should be strictly controlled.

　　Finally, the court ruled that Tong Mingqian was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment (the sentence that should be executed after commutation is from January 1, 2014 to June 30, 2018).

　　In fact,Up to now, among the provincial and ministerial officials who have been sentenced since the 18 th National Congress, Tong Mingqian is not the shortest sentence.

　　For example, in November 2016, Zhang Lijun, former vice minister of environmental protection, was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment for accepting bribes.

　　Another example is that in May 2017, Zheng Yuzhen, former deputy director of the Standing Committee of Liaoning Provincial People’s Congress, was sentenced to three and a half years for the crime of sabotaging elections and accepting bribes.

　　However, Tong Mingqian, whose sentence has been commuted, will be the first provincial and ministerial official whose sentence will expire after the 18th National Congress.

　　China News Service reporter Zhang Hao photo

　　What is the basis of Tong Mingqian’s commutation?

　　According to the above ruling, Tong Mingqian’s commutation can be found in the relevant legal provisions.

　　Article 78 of the Criminal Law clearly stipulates that a criminal sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment may have his sentence reduced if, during the execution period, he earnestly abides by prison regulations, receives education and reform, shows genuine repentance, or performs meritorious service.

　　According to the above-mentioned ruling on Tong Mingqian’s commutation, Tong Mingqian’s commutation should belong to "observing the prison regulations seriously, accepting education and reform, and really showing repentance".

　　The Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on the Specific Application of Laws in Handling Cases of Commutation and Parole, which came into effect on January 1, 2017, also clarified that:

　　The starting time of commutation for criminals sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment is: if they are less than five years of fixed-term imprisonment, they should be executed for more than one year before commutation; If a person is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than ten years, he shall be sentenced to one year and six months before his sentence can be reduced; If a person is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, his sentence shall be commuted after two years. The starting time of commutation of fixed-term imprisonment is calculated from the date of execution of the judgment.

　　Those who do show repentance or render meritorious service shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than nine months at a time; Those who do show repentance and perform meritorious service shall be given a reduced sentence of not more than one year in prison at a time; Those who have made significant meritorious service shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than one year and six months at a time; Those who do show repentance and make significant meritorious service shall be given a reduced sentence of not more than two years’ imprisonment at a time. (Kan Feng)

　　　　　　 CCTV News:On 14th, Changde Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department WeChat WeChat official account "Changde Release" issued a notice saying that an investigation team had been set up quickly to investigate the problems and deal with them objectively, fairly and strictly according to law.

　　　　　　 Yang Yu, a special commentator, said that it was a good thing to give disability benefits to patients with work-related injuries and occupational diseases, but this good thing was not done well. Disability allowance is not about the amount of money paid, but about a fair payment procedure and results. At present, there are many doubts, and the relevant local departments have not taken the initiative to find these doubts. After being exposed, they feel as if this matter has nothing to do with themselves. In view of this situation, we need to say no to formalism and bureaucracy.

　　　　　　 The central government is vigorously pushing forward to solve the problem of formalism and bureaucracy. Recently, the party and government departments in Changde City, Hunan Province have just carried out a few months of centralized special rectification, but from the answers of the relevant staff, they give people an attitude of being irrelevant. Are there some ideological roots of formalism and bureaucracy in this attitude? The local authorities should conduct a good self-examination. Facing the wishes and interests of the people, they should not be aloof, divorced from the masses, or replace solid implementation with vigorous forms.

　　　　　　 When General Secretary of the Supreme Leader was working in Zhejiang, he wrote a book "Zhijiang New Talk", and there was an article called "Being an official without the people". The first sentence of this comment was "The interests of the masses are no small matter". Today, all comrades in the party are experiencing the requirements of the General Secretary and the report of the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Even if the masses have small things, they should regard them as their own major events. In the mutual encouragement and requirement of "the interests of the masses are no small matter, and the people are not officials", the local authorities should make a good self-examination to see if there are ideological loopholes and lax, meticulous and untrue behaviors in this regard.

　　　　　　 Before commenting, I logged on the official website of Changde Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security, and found that a month ago, the local bureau of human resources and social security engaged in a competition training for business ability. The main responsible comrades of the bureau said that "the human resources and social security department is a service department and a people’s livelihood department. To serve the people’s livelihood, it is necessary not only to have Do not forget your initiative mind’s people’s livelihood feelings, but also to have a solid business ability and service level." I hope they can keep their word.

　　He presided over the design of the emblem and mascot "Fuwa" of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and people affectionately called him "the father of Fuwa".

　　He was awarded the title of "Artist of Peace" by UNESCO, "Coubertin Award" by the International Olympic Committee, "Cultural Medal of the President of Korea" and "Honorary Academician" by the University of Venice.

　　He has four personal art galleries in Hangzhou, Beijing, Yinchuan and Yixing, and his works involve painting, calligraphy, sculpture, ceramics, design and many other aspects, and all thousands of works have been donated to the country for future generations to study.

　　His achievements in painting, calligraphy, sculpture, ceramics and other artistic fields have attracted worldwide attention. He is called "China’s Picasso" because of his wide cross-border, profound artistic attainments, distinctive personality and great social influence, but he claims to be "the successor of grandma in northern Shaanxi".

　　He is Mr. Han Meilin, a UNESCO peace artist, a senior professor of liberal arts in Tsinghua University and a professor at Tsinghua University Academy of Fine Arts.

Han Meilin

　　Born in Jinan, Shandong, China in 1936. In 1955, he was admitted to the Central Academy of Fine Arts (in 1956, he became the first student of the Central Academy of Arts and Crafts with the adjustment of departments). He is currently a senior professor of liberal arts in Tsinghua University, a librarian in central research institute of culture and history, honorary director of ceramic art committee of China Artists Association, vice president of World Chinese Association and honorary president of China Arts and Crafts Association.

　　In recent years, "Han Meilin Art Museum" has been established in Hangzhou, Beijing and Yinchuan, and "Han Meilin Zisha Art Museum" has been established in Yixing, actively promoting social aesthetic education and international cultural exchanges. Establish "Han Meilin Art Foundation" and devote yourself to artistic public welfare and social charity. In 2015, he was awarded the title of "Peace Artist" by UNESCO. 2016 "The World of Merrill Lynch • Han Meilin’s Global Tour was launched, and he held solo exhibitions in Venice, Beijing, Paris, Liechtenstein, Seoul and Bangkok, and was awarded the title of "Honorary Academician" by the University of Venice. In 2018, he won the "Coubertin" Medal and the "Korean Cultural Medal" of the International Olympic Committee. In 2019, he won the "Lifetime Achievement Award for Influencing the World Chinese Award".

　　Why did suffering make his life beautiful? Why is his life’s creation not the same? Where did his confidence come from? Why should artists learn to think independently about the world? Why do artists have to have great love?

　　On March 22nd, at 7: 00 pm, Mr. Han Meilin, a UNESCO peace artist, a senior professor of liberal arts in Tsinghua University and a professor of Tsinghua University Academy of Fine Arts, gave a special performance "Taking Heaven as a Painting", which took you into the wonderful art world of this master!

　　In the winter of 1936, Han Meilin was born in a family of four in Huangjinxiang, Jinan. His parents loved each other and lived with his grandmother who had been widowed for many years. Three generations lived happily in three tile houses in the alley. But the good times didn’t last long. My father died of tuberculosis two years later, leaving Han Meilin’s mother, two widows and three brothers who were not yet adults. At that time, the youngest brother was only born for more than a month. Two young widowed women resolutely shouldered the burden of life, helped each other to raise three children and never remarried. But even in such a difficult situation, two women in bad karma still attach importance to education and insist on sending their children to school.

　　When Han Meilin was five years old, his mother sent him to a private school to practice calligraphy. Mr. Wang found Han Meilin’s square and tough personality and thought that he was the most suitable for Yan Zhenqing, a famous minister in the Tang Dynasty. Since then, he has laid the foundation for Han Meilin’s calligraphy all his life. At the same time, he began to show his talent for painting. He painted on the wall of his neighbor’s house with lime, and was beaten by his mother for destroying the newly painted wall. A little longer, Han Meilin entered Jinan Authentic Relief Society Primary School for the Poor. The school was founded by famous gentry and wealthy businessmen who worked in Jinan. It not only exempted tuition fees, but also invited Li Yuanqing, Zhao Yuanren, Chen Shuliang, Qin Hongyun and other famous artists to offer sports, music, art and other stylistic courses for students. The school is not far from home. It is a rare beauty for Han Meilin to grab a handful of tea dregs poured out of the teahouse for breakfast on the way to school on foot. Compared with the lack of material life, the school’s aesthetic education has given Han Meilin the best enlightenment in his artistic life. He loves painting more, and his teachers affectionately call him a "little painter".

　　In 1948, Jinan ushered in liberation, and Han Meilin, who had just entered junior high school, decided to drop out of school to work to reduce the burden on his family. Shortly after the liberation of Jinan, the government planned to build a memorial tower for revolutionary martyrs on Sili Mountain in the south of the city. With the help of the Civil Affairs Department, Han Meilin, who was only 13 years old, became the correspondent of commander Wan Chunpu in the preparatory office. At that time, the relief group of the Tower Building Committee gathered a group of well-known domestic artists. Han Meilin, who was fascinated by painting since childhood, followed these artists for advice. Later, he was simply sent to the relief group by Commander Wan as a correspondent. He followed Wang Zhaoshan, Liu Su and Mud to make sculptures. In order to understand the human body structure, he made human skeleton specimens together with Xue Junlian. In the example of the artists, Han Meilin’s artistic level was rapidly improved.

Mr. Han Meilin, who just joined the army in the Tower Building Committee.

　　After the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea started, Han Meilin transferred to Jinan Repertory Theatre as an actor, and also volunteered to work part-time in the propaganda work of the troupe. Soon, the Repertory Theatre was dissolved, and Han Meilin was assigned by the Bureau of Culture and Education to serve as an art teacher in Nanchenggen Primary School in Jinan. At that time, Han Meilin was less than 15 years old, but he used his painting strength to subdue students about his own age, and also attracted primary school art teachers in the whole region to observe the teaching. At the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, new China was in ruins, and there was even a blank in primary school art education in China. Shandong People’s Publishing House came here to compile his lesson plans into two textbooks, Basic Knowledge of Painting and Reference Album of Primary School Painting Teaching. Han Meilin got 400 yuan for this. In that era when 10 cents could buy four eggs, this fee was a huge sum. Han Meilin used this money to buy gifts for his family and a bicycle for going out on weekends.

Mr. Han Meilin’s youth

　　Han Meilin’s passion for fine arts touched Li Shuhua, a Chinese teacher at the same school. He introduced Han Meilin to his cousin Le Wei, who was studying at Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts. With the encouragement of Le Wei, Han Meilin decided to apply for the middle school attached to Central Academy of Fine Arts. Newborn calves are not afraid of tigers. Han Meilin went to Beijing with enthusiasm to catch the exam. He was unexpectedly received by Mr. Pang Xunqin, the director of the Department of Arts and Crafts of the Academy of Fine Arts and a master figure in the art world. Mr. Pang saw the talent of this young man from Han Meilin’s daily works and suggested that he directly apply for the university. In Mr. Pang’s expectant eyes, Han Meilin was heated and took on this seemingly impossible task. Han Meilin, who had only been in junior high school for three months, finished the senior high school course in 21 days with a strong momentum. Even his eyes were temporarily blind because of overuse. He finally got the eighth place in the Central Academy of Fine Arts. Under the guidance of Bole, this wild-growing swift horse finally embarked on the professional road of art. In college, although Han Meilin majored in design, his paintings were recognized by many people.

Mr. Han Meilin is the first class teacher in the Central Academy of Arts and Crafts (third from the left in the front row).

　　In 1960, after graduating from Han Meilin University, he wanted to respond to the college’s call to go to Yunnan ethnic minority areas when filling out his assignment, but he was left as a teaching assistant in the Decoration Department of the Academy of Fine Arts because of his excellent performance. After teaching, Han Meilin created many excellent works and became a rising star in Ran Ran at that time.

　　In 1963, Han Meilin was transferred to Anhui to organize the Academy of Fine Arts, and was involved in the catastrophe of the times. He was unjustly imprisoned, and his body and mind were greatly devastated. But even in prison, he tried his best to draw. Without a pen and paper, he painted rice soup on his pants. When the rice soup dried, his white pants became "drawing paper", and he painted on it with branches, which became his light in the dark.

　　In 1972, Han Meilin was released from prison and was assigned to work in Huainan Ceramic Factory. The factory assigned him a crude dormitory of 6 square meters. Because there was a buttonwood tree outside the house, Han Meilin felt the vitality of the trees and named his hut Tongzhai. In the next six years, he lived in Tongzhai to create.

After he was released from prison, Mr. Han Meilin weighed only 36 kilograms.

　　After he was released from prison, although his living conditions improved, he still couldn’t afford the high cost of ink painting. In order to make ink painting paper show the ink smudge effect similar to expensive rice paper, Han Meilin combined traditional ink painting with modern watercolor painting and created a new technique of brush painting — — Brush a layer of water on the hard paper first, and when the paper is half dry, quickly draw a pen to make the ink pigment "smudge" along the water potential. This kind of creation is not achieved overnight. Too much water brushing will make the ink flow away with the water, and it is impossible to maintain the shape. Too little water brush will make the drawing paper dry too fast, which will affect the blooming effect. After thousands of adjustment attempts, Han Meilin finally found the balance point between water and paper, and even created a new ink and wash color matching method.

Mr. Han Meilin’s painting "Friends in Need"

　　"Love" is the eternal theme of Han Meilin’s art. He said: "Artists should love the world, our society, our children, animals, plants and everything with love." Although he suffered a lot, Han Meilin never showed his suffering in his works of art, from Erhei, a close friend of poodle in times of trouble, to a monkey, a fox and a squirrel … … The animal shapes in Han Meilin’s brush painting are smart, and the fuzzy effect of ink and wash combined with blooming adds a cuteness.

　　In 1978, Han Meilin was finally rehabilitated, transferred to Anhui Artists Association to engage in professional art creation, and later served as vice president of Anhui Painting Academy. The spring breeze of reform and opening-up blew away the gloom that had shrouded Han Meilin for many years, and his artistic life ushered in spring.

　　In 1979, Han Meilin held his first solo art exhibition in China Art Museum, and published the first collection of animal paintings "Still on Earth" in the following year. In the same year, Han Meilin was invited to be the first China painter to hold a solo exhibition in the United States after the reform and opening up, starting from new york, he toured 21 cities including Boston, and became famous at home and abroad.

　　In college, both the teachings of Chai Fei, Pang Xunqin and Zheng Ke and the friendship with Shen Congwen, who works in the Palace Museum, made Han Meilin deeply realize the profoundness of China arts and crafts. At that time, he was determined to follow the will of gentlemen, base himself on tradition and folk, and draw inspiration from land and history.

In 2003, the "Han Meilin Art Caravan" was held in Kaili, Guizhou.

　　Han Meilin was inspired by an Indian film "Caravan", in which a group of actors sat in a caravan, and his heart yearned for the action of collecting wind wherever they went. Since 1977, Han Meilin led his own art caravan members to "drive" on the land of China, with the purpose of "helping the poor through culture and collecting wind through art", and went to the fields to learn various folk art techniques, and at the same time helped local difficult manufacturers to revive with his own creations. His interests seem to have no boundaries, from exquisite Henan Jun porcelain and Yixing purple sand to simple straw weaving and wall hanging. "Weaving, dyeing, engraving, carving, painting, writing, cloth, wood, stone, grass and metal, all contact, learning and teaching", he has gained endless artistic inspiration from the people, and his own creative path is also.

In September 2018, "Han Meilin Art Caravan" was in Nantong.

　　Han Meilin always believes that image is the key to artistic creation. With image in mind, all kinds of materials can be used by him. He swims freely among ink, ceramics and bronze. When the times endow him with a new mission, he can devote himself to new creation at any time, so can painting and design.

　　In 1980, China Post began to issue the first series of stamps on the zodiac, and the fourth set of special stamps on the zodiac in the year of pig in Guihai, which was issued in 1983, was designed by Han Meilin. The green leaves of hearts painted on pigs are very eye-catching, which not only has the traditional paper-cut and shadow play style, but also means a happy life with hearts, full of folk joy and festive atmosphere. This simple and exaggerated style of folk art has attracted worldwide attention.

In 1983, Mr. Han Meilin designed the special zodiac stamp for the Year of the Pig.

　　Since then, Han Meilin has integrated his understanding of traditional Chinese zodiac culture into vivid animal images, not only taking charge of the design of special stamps and commemorative medals of Chinese zodiac for many times, but also gradually formed the Han Meilin zodiac art with both national charm and modern aesthetics, leading China traditional culture to go abroad again.

　　The Zodiac in Han Meilin’s Works

　　In 1989, Han Meilin Studio of China Artists Association was formally established, which is the first and only studio named after artists by China Artists Association. As a pilot project of market economy reform in the art field, Han Meilin led his team to create giant sculptures in 58 cities, such as Long Whistling in the Wind, Dashun Farming, Five Clouds and Nine Rus, Qian Jianglong, Qianwang Shooting the Tide, Huafeng Yingxiang, Hundreds of Birds Facing the Phoenix and Danfeng Chaoyang, etc., with more than 1,500 studio members at most. Han Meilin marks the rise of modern cities after China’s reform and opening up with a unique way of artists’ sculpture works.

Shenzhen Shekou Sculpture "The Golden Bull"

　　In 1996, the Atlanta Olympic Games was held in the United States, which coincided with the centenary of the modern Olympic Games. Han Meilin was invited to participate in the design competition of Olympic symbolic sculptures. It took him less than a month to complete the artistic conception and integrate the two Chinese elements, Tenglong and Huabiao, into the urban sculpture. Finally, the Five Dragon Bell Tower he designed stood out from the design schemes of 17 countries and was successfully selected.

The sculpture "Five Dragon Bell Tower" designed by Mr. Han Meilin for the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.

　　Han Meilin’s fate with the Olympic Games naturally continued in the process of China’s bid for hosting the Olympic Games. He successively presided over the design of the emblem, Olympic logo and mascot for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, making indelible contributions to the smooth hosting of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

　　In 2000, after continuous creation and revision, we finally had the "Chinese knot" with simple and smooth lines and rich meanings that we see today.

Mr. Han Meilin designed the logo of Beijing Olympic bid.

　　The success of the Olympic bid is only the beginning, and greater challenges will follow. In 2005, the revision team composed of top experts such as Han Meilin began to revise the design scheme of mascots collected from all over the world, but the individual images such as rattle, panda and loong that entered the "final circle" could not perfectly show the theme of the 5,000-year Chinese civilization and the modern Beijing Olympic Games. When the design came to a deadlock, Han Meilin boldly proposed to design the mascot with a combined image instead of a single image. The new creative thinking found the key to the design of the mascot, and the embryonic form of "Fuwa" was born. After more than two months, Han Meilin closed the studio to further revise and improve the design scheme of "Fuwa", and was once taken to the hospital for a heart attack caused by sleepless nights.

Mr. Han Meilin and Fuwa "Huanhuan"

　　In 2018, the International Olympic Committee awarded Han Meilin the "Coubertin Medal" in recognition of his outstanding contribution to promoting the Olympic spirit. It can be said that he is still active in the front line of artistic creation in his octogenarian years, which is a true portrayal of the Olympic spirit.

　　Since ancient times, China’s calligraphy and painting have paid attention to "the same origin of calligraphy and painting", while Han Meilin became famous for his paintings, but he has long been attached to calligraphy. When I was a child, my family was poor, and I found ancient books such as Four-body Thousand-character Writing, Six-book Classification, Shuowen Gushua, etc. When I didn’t understand their meaning, I was able to regard them as picture books and appreciate the beauty of words and images. In the travel activities, Han Meilin picked up the lost ancient Chinese characters from the ancient rock paintings of Helan Mountain, and from the fragments of ceramics, bronzes, tortoise shells and stone carvings scattered all over the country. He called these ancient Chinese characters, whose pronunciation and interpretation can’t be tested, "deaf-mute beauty", and recorded them almost instinctively in his own conception book. After decades of accumulation, they have reached tens of thousands. Once in Hong Kong, Mr. Qi Gong came across the ancient Chinese characters written by Han Meilin in his notebook, and suggested that he create them artistically, as if to wake up the dreamer in a word, and Han Meilin was determined to create a "heavenly book".

Mr Han Meilin is writing a gobbledygook.

　　In 2007, Han Meilin spent 34 years collecting and writing the ancient Chinese character catalogue "Tianshu", which finally came out. He did not research the origin and interpretation of the characters, but pursued the visual beauty of the characters themselves, and performed it with modern aesthetics on the premise of retaining the structure and font of the characters. Huang Miaozi, a master of calligraphy and painting, wrote a poem for it, "Cangjie makes words and ghosts cry at night, and Merrill Lynch’s Tianshu is a god’s costume". "Tianshu" is also a book and a painting. After the first book was published, Han Meilin continued to collect, sort out and re-create, giving more modern life to ancient Chinese characters. He said that if his body permits, he would like to write the translated words, which is a gift that Han Meilin really wants to leave to the nation.

Gobbledygook size: 370*120cm Year: 2015

　　Like most artists, Han Meilin has made great efforts in his creation, but he doesn’t care much about business affairs. In 2001, Han Meilin was admitted to the hospital for bypass surgery due to heart problems. When his life was dying, there were thousands of works left in the studio and he didn’t know what to do with them. After his recovery, Han Meilin, who didn’t want to get close to business, decided to donate his works to the country for future generations to study. Under the direction of his wife, Zhou Jianping, Han Meilin Art Museum was built in Beijing and Hangzhou at both ends of the Grand Canal. Subsequently, Yinchuan Pavilion was completed and opened in 2015. Han Meilin became the first China contemporary artist with three art galleries (Beijing, Hangzhou and Yinchuan). Its scale, category and quantity are vast, and it is known as "Dunhuang for one person". Han Meilin has a mantra: "I am making progress every day!" The growth of age can’t stop him from pursuing art. Under the impetus of continuous creation, Han Meilin Zisha Art Museum was established in Yixing, the birthplace of Zisha Pot, in 2019. At present, the expansion projects of Beijing, Hangzhou and Yinchuan have also been carried out in an orderly manner.

Han Meilin Art Museum in Hangzhou, Beijing and Yinchuan

　　Over the years, Han Meilin has supported charity by donating money and works. In 2013, the Han Meilin Art Foundation was formally established, which enabled it to carry out art-related public welfare undertakings more systematically, regularly and continuously, promote cultural education and cultural inheritance by setting up scholarships, and donated funds to build Merrill Hope Primary School and Merrill Lynch classrooms in many places to promote the popularization of basic education and aesthetic education.

Donation ceremony of "Fuwa Nini Hope Primary School"

　　In 2015, Han Meilin was awarded the title of "Peace Artist" by UNESCO, becoming the first person in China art circle to win this honor. Since then, Han Meilin has more actively participated in the cause of promoting cultural exchanges and cultural inheritance in various countries and regions, and in 2016, launched the "Merrill Lynch’s World Han Meilin Global Tour Exhibition", with the purpose of "paying tribute to the Renaissance, returning to the roots of the nation, and performing cultural duties", and carrying forward the "peaceful" and "pluralistic" cultural world outlook with art, and promoting the great ideal of "truth, goodness and beauty" in human society.

Irina bokova, then Director-General of UNESCO, awarded Mr. Han Meilin the certificate of "peace artist".

　　Today, Han Meilin, who is 87 years old, still insists on writing and drawing every day, and maintains strong artistic creativity. Together with the art foundation he founded, he continues to promote the inheritance of national culture and international cultural exchanges. He calls himself a "time poor", so he should make up for the lost time in turbulent times with more diligent creation.

　　Han Meilin’s life is so rich that it is difficult for us to define him in one word. He has made outstanding contributions in painting, calligraphy, sculpture, ceramics and other fields. Even his life itself has been carved into a masterpiece of art in the pursuit of goodness and beauty for decades. Such a master is a wonderful blessing from God to the world and to China.

　　CCTV News:Issued by Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory at 08: 46 on December 18th, 2023.Blizzard blue warningIt is estimated that there will be more than 12 hours and 4 millimeters of snowfall in most areas of central and southern Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, southern Taizhou and southwestern Wuxi from day to night today. The Provincial Emergency Department (Provincial Disaster Reduction Office) and the Provincial Meteorological Bureau reminded to take precautions.

　　Defense guide:

　　1. The government and relevant departments shall, in accordance with their duties, make preparations for snow disaster prevention and freezing injury prevention;

　　2 transportation, railway, electric power, communications and other departments should carry out road, railway and line inspection and maintenance, and do a good job in road cleaning and snow melting;

　　3. Pedestrians should pay attention to cold prevention and anti-skid, drivers should drive carefully, and vehicles should take anti-skid measures;

　　4. Farming and pastoral areas and breeding industries should reserve feed and prepare for snow disaster prevention and freezing injury prevention;

　　5. Reinforce temporary structures that are easily crushed by snow, such as scaffolding.

　　In addition, Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory issued it at 08: 19 on December 18, 2023.Yellow warning of road icingIt is estimated that there will be road icing in Nanjing, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Suqian, Huai ‘an, Yancheng, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Zhenjiang, Changzhou and Wuxi that will have an impact on traffic today and tomorrow. The Provincial Emergency Department (Provincial Disaster Reduction Office) and the Provincial Meteorological Bureau reminded to take precautions.

　　Defense guide:

　　1. Traffic, public security and other departments should prepare for road icing according to their duties;

　　2. Drivers should pay attention to road conditions and drive safely;

　　3. Pedestrians should ride bicycles as little as possible when going out, and pay attention to anti-skid.

　　"My temperature is only 35.6℃, is it normal?" "My child’s temperature is 37.2℃. Is it a fever?" "How does my temperature rise and fall in a day?" "I saw on the Internet that higher body temperature means stronger immunity. Is that right?" … … Since the nationwide monitoring of body temperature and the comprehensive investigation of COVID-19 in Wuhan on February 6th, people have paid unprecedented attention to body temperature.

　　Body temperature is one of the important indicators to measure human health. As we know, whether it is a serious illness or a minor illness, a chronic disease or an acute disease, the first thing a doctor does when entering a hospital is usually to measure the patient’s temperature. If we are not feeling well, we will also take our temperature. On February 9th, in response to the public’s many doubts about body temperature, this newspaper invited relevant medical experts to elaborate on body temperature.

　　How much is the body temperature normal?

　　Shu Yingchun, deputy chief physician of Wuhan Children’s Hospital: Normal body temperature is not a specific temperature point, but a temperature range. The body temperature in the deep part of the body is relatively constant, which is called deep body temperature; However, the surface temperature is affected by many factors, with great changes and differences, which is called surface temperature. The clinical body temperature refers to the average deep temperature. Generally, the body temperature of the mouth, rectum and armpit is represented, and the rectal body temperature is closest to the deep body temperature. The normal range is: oral sublingual temperature is 36.3℃-37.2℃, rectal temperature is 36.5℃-37.7℃, which is higher than oral temperature (0.2℃-0.5℃) and axillary temperature is 36.0℃-37.0℃.

　　The standard of normal body temperature is based on the value of most people, not the absolute value of individuals. Each individual’s basal body temperature is different, so the same temperature, for one person, may be normal body temperature and will not cause discomfort, while for another person, it may be fever. The basal body temperature is generally the oral temperature measured immediately after sleeping for 6-8 hours without any interference, such as standing up, moving, eating, etc. Night shift workers can measure it after sleeping for 6-8 hours.

　　How to measure body temperature?

　　Shu Yingchun, Deputy Chief Physician of Wuhan Children’s Hospital: The temperature is measured by mercury thermometer. When measuring the body temperature, the mercury column of the thermometer should be thrown below 35℃, then wiped and disinfected with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol, and then held under the armpit for 5 minutes. When reading the thermometer value, the eyes should be on the same plane as the highest mercury. Although the electronic thermometer is convenient and safe, it is prone to errors. It can be added or subtracted from the temperature measured by the mercury thermometer, thus reducing the errors.

　　Why does the body temperature fluctuate?

　　Shu Yingchun, deputy chief physician of Wuhan Children’s Hospital: The body temperature is not fixed, but it fluctuates with factors such as gender, age, day and night, exercise and mood changes, but this change is often within the normal range.

　　Gender factors: Generally speaking, women are slightly higher than men, and women are slightly higher in premenstrual and early pregnancy, and ovulation period is lower.

　　Age factor: Neonatal body temperature is easily influenced by external temperature, which can be slightly higher than that of adults. The elderly have low body temperature because of their low metabolic rate.

　　Time factor: Generally, the body temperature is the lowest at 2-5 in the morning, and the highest at 5-7 in the afternoon, with a range of about 0.5℃-1℃. If you work at night for a long time, your body temperature will increase at night and decrease during the day.

　　Emotion and exercise: Sympathetic nerve is excited when emotion is excited, and skeletal muscle contracts during exercise, which can raise body temperature slightly.

　　In addition, the change of outside temperature and eating can make the body temperature fluctuate.

　　Is low body temperature bad for immunity?

　　Recently, it is widely rumored on the Internet that the normal human body temperature of 37℃ has become a history, which has dropped by 0.4℃ in less than 200 years since the 19th century. For every 1℃ drop in body temperature, the immunity will drop by about 30%. When the body temperature rises by 1℃, the immunity will be improved by 5-6 times.

　　Shu Yingchun, deputy chief physician of Wuhan Children’s Hospital: We take 37.3℃ as the temperature of children’s fever in clinic. When we measure the temperature of children with non-fever diseases, it is almost lower than 37℃. However, there is no statistical data to support whether it has dropped by 0.4℃ in 200 years.

　　Professor Wang Xiaochuan, deputy director of the Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and doctoral supervisor: Although there is no specific research on how much immunity will decrease or increase after the body temperature drops and rises, the higher the body temperature, the stronger the immunity will indeed appear. This is because the higher the body temperature, the more immune cells will be activated in the human body, so that the invading pathogenic microorganisms can be better annihilated and the health of the body can be maintained.

　　How to raise body temperature?

　　[Soak your feet every day]

　　Liao Haolei, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Health, Wuhan University: Strengthening exercise and nutrition can really improve the basal metabolic rate and basal body temperature. However, "Rome wasn’t built in a day", and exercise and nutrition need long-term persistence. Facing COVID-19, we need to raise our body temperature and enhance our immunity through physical therapy and behavioral therapy: it’s best to wear a hat in winter, soak our feet and take a hot bath every day, and drink more hot water. Now everyone stays at home and can soak their feet three times a day.

　　[gentle exercise]

　　Zhang Qingsong, an expert in sports medicine in the Fourth Hospital of Wuhan, said: If the measurement error is ruled out, there are indeed some people whose body temperature is low for a long time, which is physiological, not pathological. It has no effect on the health of the body. Exercise can temporarily raise body temperature, and the degree of body temperature increase is related to the intensity of exercise.

　　This kind of hypothermia person, after he recovers from exercise, his body temperature will still fall back to his usual level, which is normal and does not need special attention.　

　　According to scientific research, long-term exercise has a positive effect on improving immunity. Exercise can obviously improve cardiopulmonary function and chronic diseases. Long-term moderate exercise can improve the body’s immunity and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. However, during 3~72 hours of intensive exercise, people will be in the "empty window period" of immunity, and they are more vulnerable to pathogen infection than usual.

　　Therefore, at present, under the epidemic situation, it is not recommended to cram for high heart rate and high intensity exercise temporarily, which will reduce the resistance.

　　Therefore, if you don’t have fitness habits, don’t rush to iron or sweat on the treadmill. Young people do flat support and push-ups at home, and walk fast on the treadmill. Middle-aged and elderly people can play Tai Chi and do health exercises. It is a good choice for women to do aerobics and yoga for about 30 minutes. When exercising, the heart rate is between 120 and 150, which not only achieves the exercise effect, but also does not exceed the physical endurance of ordinary citizens.

　　(Reporter Tang Zhifeng Yan Yan Wang Chunyu Li Qing)